50 años en la Luna: un pequeño paso…
Se cumple medio siglo desde que el primer hombre holló la superficie de nuestro satélite, dejando impresa en la memoria colectiva una gesta única. ¿Volveremos?¿ Será un paso hace la colonización del Sistema Solar? ¿Debemos hacerlo y bajo qué condiciones? Con motivo de este evento, el periodista Samuel A. Pilar nos formuló unas preguntas.
¿Qué utilidad científica tienen programas como Artemisa de la NASA, que prevé volver a la Luna en 2024?
El objetivo de Artemis es proporcionar a NASA los elementos para situar nuevamente a seres humanos sobre la superficie lunar. En este ocasión, de manera continuada y también como plataforma para futuras misiones tripuladas a Marte. La exploración lunar será en el polo sur, donde hay una cantidad significativa de agua helada, necesaria tanto para la futura base lunar como para la producción del combustible necesario para el salto a Marte.
Ciertamente el regreso a la Luna producirá un interesantísima información científica. Por otra parte, el regreso de seres humanos es una decisión política y, posiblemente, una exploración robótica sería mucho más eficiente, rápida y de mucho menor riesgo. En cualquier caso, tampoco hay que olvidar la epopeya que una aventura de este tipo representa.
¿Sabemos ya todo acerca de la composición de la Luna?
No, solo conocemos de manera superficial el mecanismo que dio lugar a la formación de nuestro satélite, posiblemente debida al impacto con un hipotético protoplaneta del tamaño aproximado de Marte, denominado Theia. La Luna sigue siendo, a pesar de su proximidad, un cuerpo celeste repleto de misterios científicos.
¿Qué hemos aprendido de las muestras que trajeron las misiones Apolo que llegaron a la Luna?
Las seis misiones que alunizaron trajeron menos de 400 kilos de muestras de seis lugares. Tres sondas automáticas soviéticas añadieron medio kilo. Esto es, solo disponemos de muestras de nueve lugares. En total, 14 misiones no tripuladas se han posado en la Luna y se han realizado varios impactos controlados sobre su superficie. Todos estos experimentos han proporcionado cierto conocimiento sobre la superficie lunar pero, para ponerlo en perspectiva, deberíamos pensar en cómo describiríamos la composición de la Tierra si solo pudiéramos estudiar muestras de un par de docenas de puntos de su superficie. En cualquier caso, los minerales lunares que poseemos han proporcionado datos cruciales para entender su posible formación y su relación con la Tierra.
Un hecho interesante es que la Luna contiene más información acerca de la formación e historia del sistema solar que la propia Tierra. Las características de la atmósfera actual de nuestro planeta son totalmente diferentes a las de la atmósfera de la Tierra primitiva, la morfología del planeta también ha cambiado, sin embargo, el hecho de que la Luna no posea atmósfera implica que las huellas de los impactos de meteoritos que nuestro satélite ha sufrido desde su formación, hace 4500 millones de4 años, están aún en su superficie.
¿Puede ayudar la Luna en la búsqueda de vida fuera de la Tierra?
De manera indirecta, sí. En primer lugar, como base para continuar la exploración del Sistema Solar, pero también como plataforma para la posible construcción de grandes telescopios. No está claro, sin embargo, que sea la estrategia óptima.
¿Existen en la Luna minerales que puedan ser explotados comercialmente?
La Luna posee minerales de gran interés científico. Por ejemplo, se ha hablado mucho del Helio-3 (un isótopo ligero del Helio, cuyos átomos tienen dos protones y un neutrón en su núcleo). Hay estudios que prevén el uso de Helio-3 como una fuente de energía de fusión en el futuro, debido al gran poder energético que proporcionaría. Se piensa también que la abundancia de Helio-3 en la Luna es mayor que en la Tierra, encontrándose embebido en la capa superficial del polvo lunar, depositado allí por el viento solar durante miles de millones de años.
En cualquier caso, que la explotación comercial será viable está por demostrar. Que sea éticamente aceptable requiere un debate mucho más amplio. Las reclamaciones territoriales de los diversos cuerpos celestes están prohibidas, y por tanto, en la actualidad existen numerosos problemas de carácter legal.
El acceso a los cuerpos del sistema solar debería estar restringido a la investigación científica (al igual que en la Antártida).
Benjamín Montesinos y David Barrado
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC/INTA)
Para saber más:
-
Revista Telos: MÁS ALLÁ DE LA TIERRA: Próxima parada: exoplaneta
-
OpenMind: Hijos de las estrellas: La expansión humana más allá del planeta Tierra@bbvaOpenMind
- OpenMind: La Ley del Espacio y la exploración espacial @bbvaOpenMin
- OpenMind: ¿Hacia la colonización estelar? @bbvaOpenMind
- OpenMind: Sistemas planetarios y la zona de habitabilidad @bbvaOpenMind
- OpenMind: La Tierra y Marte: ¿gemelos o hermanastros? @bbvaOpenMind
- CBE: Estuvimos en la Luna
- CBE: El Hombre sobre la Luna: las evidencias desde el “Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter”
- CBE: El absurdo mito de la conspiración lunar
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