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Contin\u00faa\u00a0 aqu\u00ed\u00a0 el art\u00edculo titulado \u201cEconom\u00eda sem\u00e1ntica para la manipulaci\u00f3n del conocimiento: la palabra Evoluci\u00f3n y su uso como trampa en \u201cOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\u201d\u201d. El comienzo de este art\u00edculo se encuentra aqu\u00ed<\/a>. El art\u00edculo completo aqu\u00ed<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n 6. Cuarto p\u00e1rrafo: Mr. Hudson is a strong disbeliever<\/strong><\/p>\n Al final de un largo p\u00e1rrafo en el cap\u00edtulo VIII (On Instincts) dedicado a los instintos en el cuco se lee:<\/p>\n Mr. Hudson is a strong disbeliever in evolution, but he appears to have been so much struck by the imperfect instincts of the Molothrus bonariensis that he quotes my words, and asks, \u00abMust we consider these habits, not as especially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law, namely, transition?\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n Se confirma que para el autor evoluci\u00f3n significa su propia idea de evoluci\u00f3n, que como hemos visto es: Filogenia mediante cambio gradual. A quien no comparta su idea se le adjudican t\u00e9rminos poco agradables:<\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n Mr. Hudson is a strong disbeliever<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n 7. Quinto p\u00e1rrafo: negative evidence is worthless<\/strong><\/p>\n Dentro del cap\u00edtulo X de t\u00edtulo sorprendente (On the Imperfection of the Geological Record<\/em>), es el primero de una secci\u00f3n titulada On the Sudden Appearance of Whole Groups of Allied Species<\/em>.<\/p>\n Dice:<\/p>\n The abrupt manner in which whole groups of species suddenly appear in certain formations, has been urged by several palaeontologists\u2014for instance, by Agassiz, Pictet, and Sedgwick, as a fatal objection to the belief in the transmutation of species. If numerous species, belonging to the same genera or families, have really started into life at once, the fact would be fatal to the theory of evolution through natural selection. For the development by this means of a group of forms, all of which are descended from some one progenitor, must have been an extremely slow process; and the progenitors must have lived long before their modified descendants. But we continually overrate the perfection of the geological record, and falsely infer, because certain genera or families have not been found beneath a certain stage, that they did not exist before that stage. In all cases positive paleontological evidence may be implicitly trusted; negative evidence is worthless, as experience has so often shown. We continually forget how large the world is, compared with the area over which our geological formations have been carefully examined; we forget that groups of species may elsewhere have long existed, and have slowly multiplied, before they invaded the ancient archipelagoes of Europe and the United States. We do not make due allowance for the enormous intervals of time which have elapsed between our consecutive formations, longer perhaps in many cases than the time required for the accumulation of each formation. These intervals will have given time for the multiplication of species from some one parent-form: and in the succeeding formation, such groups or species will appear as if suddenly created. <\/em><\/p>\n Est\u00e1 claro que:<\/p>\n If numerous species, belonging to the same genera or families, have really started into life at once, the fact would be fatal to the theory of evolution through natural selection.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/em><\/p>\n Pero si el registro f\u00f3sil tiende a mostrar algo as\u00ed, entonces no hay problema porque: negative evidence is worthless <\/em><\/p>\n 8. Sexto p\u00e1rrafo: Forever Amen<\/strong><\/p>\n As a record of a former state of things, I have retained in the foregoing paragraphs, and elsewhere, several sentences which imply that naturalists believe in the separate creation of each species; and I have been much censured for having thus expressed myself.\u00a0 But undoubtedly this was the general belief when the first edition of the present work appeared. I formerly spoke to very many naturalists on the subject of evolution, and never once met with any sympathetic agreement. It is probable that some did then believe in evolution, but they were either silent or expressed themselves so ambiguously that it was not easy to understand their meaning. Now, things are wholly changed, and almost every naturalist admits the great principle of evolution. There are, however, some who still think that species have suddenly given birth, through quite unexplained means, to new and totally different forms. But, as I have attempted to show, weighty evidence can be opposed to the admission of great and abrupt modifications. Under a scientific point of view, and as leading to further investigation, but little advantage is gained by believing that new forms are suddenly developed in an inexplicable manner from old and widely different forms, over the old belief in the creation of species from the dust of the earth.<\/em><\/p>\n Se confirma lo dicho anteriormente. Evolution, para Darwin, es lo que \u00e9l diga, s\u00f3lo y exclusivamente lo que diga, porque no en vano hay un antes:<\/p>\n I formerly spoke to very many naturalists on the subject of evolution, and never once met with any sympathetic agreement.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/em><\/p>\n Y un despu\u00e9s:<\/p>\n Now, things are wholly changed, and almost every naturalist admits the great principle of evolution<\/em><\/p>\n <\/em><\/p>\n Entre ambos momentos brilla la autoridad de su obra (y de quienes le ayudaron, a quienes Agassiz llamaba Henchmen, <\/em>secuaces). Su truco ha funcionado: La palabra Evoluci\u00f3n, antigua, de amplio significado y reconocido valor ha servido como trampa sem\u00e1ntica para explicarlo todo mediante un juego de palabras. Una tautolog\u00eda recibe todo el valor de la ciencia creando as\u00ed un verdadero fantasma sem\u00e1ntico: La selecci\u00f3n natural, The survival of the Fittest <\/em>ha llegado para quedarse. Forever Amen.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n 9. Conclusi\u00f3n: Consecuencias de un Golpe Sem\u00e1ntico. Previsi\u00f3n de futuro<\/strong><\/p>\n El principal m\u00e9rito de la obra titulada \u201cOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life<\/em>\u201d no es cient\u00edfico. La ciencia reclama lenguaje preciso y la ambig\u00fcedad en el uso del lenguaje es debilidad insostenible. As\u00ed, Darwin otorga a la expresi\u00f3n Selecci\u00f3n Natural significados tan m\u00faltiples y variados que la hace completamente in\u00fatil desde el punto de vista cient\u00edfico, m\u00e1s no desde una perspectiva social.<\/p>\n El uso del lenguaje en \u201cOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life<\/em> \u201d no se corresponde con la claridad y el rigor exigible a una obra cient\u00edfica. Por el contrario, Darwin utiliza el lenguaje con fines sociales, para la manipulaci\u00f3n de conceptos y difusi\u00f3n de ideas. Desde Darwin el concepto Evoluci\u00f3n, que antes ten\u00eda un amplio significado indisociable del de Desarrollo pasa a significar theory of gradual evolution by means of natural selection. <\/em>Se han introducido a presi\u00f3n dos ideas: El cambio gradual, completamente contrario al registro f\u00f3sil y la Selecci\u00f3n Natural, una ambig\u00fcedad sin significado cient\u00edfico alguno pero de gran valor para los intereses de la Eugenesia. A partir de un concepto de gran significado y reconocido valor, Evoluci\u00f3n, se construye una trampa sem\u00e1ntica que sirve para potenciar un concepto sin valor alguno ni significado, una tautolog\u00eda: el fantasma sem\u00e1ntico de la selecci\u00f3n natural.<\/p>\n Mediante estas manipulaciones del lenguaje, la obra cumple, entre otras, dos finalidades sociales. En primer lugar, como ya dec\u00eda el reverendo Hodge, acabar con la idea de dise\u00f1o. En segundo lugar rebajar la Naturaleza a la calidad de objeto.<\/p>\n Como el m\u00e9todo utilizado parte de la observaci\u00f3n de los m\u00e9todos de criadores de palomas y de ganado, y la variaci\u00f3n es mayor en razas seleccionadas que en la naturaleza el autor propone que en la naturaleza el cambio es gradual. Sus argumentos son a cual m\u00e1s sorprendente. He aqu\u00ed algunos:<\/p>\n 1.\tNo es probable que cambios abruptos como los que tienen lugar durante la domesticaci\u00f3n hayan ocurrido en la naturaleza (it is not probable that such great and abrupt variations have often occurred under nature, as are known occasionally to arise under domestication<\/em>). Darwin est\u00e1 decidido a defender en su libro el cambio gradual mediante Selecci\u00f3n Natural. Lo m\u00e1s importante no es lo primero sino lo segundo. Si la sociedad admite a la Selecci\u00f3n Natural, entonces, la manipulaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza est\u00e1 justificada. La Eugenesia tiene las puertas abiertas. Para conseguir imponer un fantasma sem\u00e1ntico: La Selecci\u00f3n Natural, se ha apoderado de un concepto muy importante Evoluci\u00f3n, cuyo valor sem\u00e1ntico va a sacrificar a sus intereses. A partir de ahora y pase lo que pase Evoluci\u00f3n significar\u00e1:<\/p>\n Formaci\u00f3n de las especies por cambios graduales dirigidos por la Selecci\u00f3n Natural.<\/p>\n El registro f\u00f3sil demuestra la imposibilidad del cambio gradual pero esto no importa porque para Darwin todo tiene explicaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n La trampa ha funcionado durante ciento cincuenta y un a\u00f1os, pero ahora est\u00e1 a punto de quedar al descubierto. \u00bfCu\u00e1les pueden ser las consecuencias del descubrimiento de este golpe sem\u00e1ntico? Teniendo en cuenta que sus objetivos eran dos, a saber:<\/p>\n – Primero, eliminar la necesidad de Dise\u00f1o en la naturaleza. Y, Entonces, la caida anunciada de Darwin y su falsa \u201cteor\u00eda\u201d tiene dos consecuencias: 1: Volver\u00e1 a surgir con fuerza la idea de dise\u00f1o. 2. La idea de misterio en la Naturaleza deber\u00e1 ser restaurada.<\/p>\n Referencias<\/strong><\/p>\n Baer, K. E. von. 1828-1837. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere: Beobachtung und Reflexion, 2 vols. K\u00f6nigsberg: Borntr\u00e4ger.<\/p>\n Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: Murray.<\/p>\n Hodge, Ch. What is Darwinism? Scribner, Armstrong and Co. New York. 1874.<\/p>\n Oppenheimer, J. 1967. Essays in the History of Embryology and Biology. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.<\/p>\n Richards, R. 1992. The Meaning of Evolution: The Morphological Construction and Ideological Reconstruction of Darwin\u2019s Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n Richards, R. Karl Ernst von Baer. Internet file: Sainte Marie MB, Meunier JG, Payette N, Chartier JF. 2010. Digital Humanities. El art\u00edculo completo se encuentra aqu\u00ed<\/a>.<\/p>\n Contin\u00faa\u00a0 aqu\u00ed\u00a0 el art\u00edculo titulado \u201cEconom\u00eda sem\u00e1ntica para la manipulaci\u00f3n del conocimiento: la palabra Evoluci\u00f3n y su uso como trampa en \u201cOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\u201d\u201d. El comienzo de este art\u00edculo se encuentra aqu\u00ed. El art\u00edculo completo aqu\u00ed. \u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4 6. Cuarto p\u00e1rrafo: Mr. Hudson is a strong disbeliever Al final de un largo p\u00e1rrafo en el cap\u00edtulo VIII (On Instincts) dedicado a los instintos en el cuco se lee: Mr. Hudson is a strong disbeliever in evolution, but he appears to have been so\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":86,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[467,488,501,1,521],"tags":[6710],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132406"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/86"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132406"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132406\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":132669,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132406\/revisions\/132669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=132406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=132406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a><\/div>\n
\n2.\tAlgunas variaciones surgidas en domesticaci\u00f3n pueden atribuirse a la reversion. Seguramente que los caracteres manifestados entonces se habr\u00e1n obtenido en muchos casos de manera gradual (Of these latter variations several may be attributed to reversion; and the characters which thus reappear were, it is probable, in many cases at first gained in a gradual manner<\/em>).
\n3.\tLas monstruosidades son muy diferentes de las especies naturales y por eso arrojan poca luz en la materia. Excluy\u00e9ndolas, las pocas restantes constituir\u00edan en el major de los casos especies dudosas, muy relacionadas con sus tipos parentales. (A still greater number must be called monstrosities, such as six-fingered men, porcupine men, Ancon sheep, Niata cattle, etc.; and as they are widely different in character from natural species, they throw very little light on our subject. Excluding such cases of abrupt variations, the few which remain would at best constitute, if found in a state of nature, doubtful species, closely related to their parental types<\/em>).
\n4.\tSi variaciones abruptas semejantes a las que tienen lugar en producciones dom\u00e9sticas ocurriesen en la naturaleza, entonces se perder\u00edan por entrecruzamientos o destrucci\u00f3n accidental, como ocurrir\u00eda en la domesticaci\u00f3n si el hombre no tuviera cuidado. (According to our experience, abrupt and strongly marked variations occur in our domesticated productions, singly and at rather long intervals of time. If such occurred under nature, they would be liable, as formerly explained, to be lost by accidental causes of destruction and by subsequent intercrossing; and so it is known to be under domestication, unless abrupt variations of this kind are specially preserved and separated by the care of man. Hence, in order that a new species should suddenly appear in the manner supposed by Mr. Mivart, it is almost necessary to believe, in opposition to all analogy, that several wonderfully changed individuals appeared simultaneously within the same district. This difficulty, as in the case of unconscious selection by man, is avoided on the theory of gradual evolution, through the preservation of a large number of individuals, which varied more or less in any favourable direction, and of the destruction of a large number which varied in an opposite manner<\/em>.)<\/p>\n
\n– Segundo, rebajar la Naturaleza a la calidad de objeto.<\/p>\n
\nhome.uchicago.edu\/~rjr6\/articles\/von%20Baer.doc<\/p>\n
\nhttp:\/\/dh2010.cch.kcl.ac.uk\/academic-programme\/abstracts\/papers\/html\/ab-770.html<\/p>\nBlogalaxia:<\/strong> Darwin<\/span><\/a> darwinismo<\/span><\/a> m\u00e1quina incapaz de distinguir<\/span><\/a> evoluci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a> selecci\u00f3n natural<\/span><\/a> degradaci\u00f3n sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> econom\u00eda sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> fantasma sem\u00e1ntico<\/span><\/a> trampa sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> manipulaci\u00f3n del conocimiento<\/span><\/a> ~ Technorati:<\/strong> Darwin<\/span><\/a> darwinismo<\/span><\/a> m\u00e1quina incapaz de distinguir<\/span><\/a> evoluci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a> selecci\u00f3n natural<\/span><\/a> degradaci\u00f3n sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> econom\u00eda sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> fantasma sem\u00e1ntico<\/span><\/a> trampa sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> manipulaci\u00f3n del conocimiento<\/span><\/a> ~ AgregaX:<\/strong> Darwin<\/span><\/a> darwinismo<\/span><\/a> m\u00e1quina incapaz de distinguir<\/span><\/a> evoluci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a> selecci\u00f3n natural<\/span><\/a> degradaci\u00f3n sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> econom\u00eda sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> fantasma sem\u00e1ntico<\/span><\/a> trampa sem\u00e1ntica<\/span><\/a> manipulaci\u00f3n del conocimiento<\/span><\/a><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"