{"id":134808,"date":"2012-06-13T08:00:59","date_gmt":"2012-06-13T06:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/?p=134808"},"modified":"2012-09-05T10:37:22","modified_gmt":"2012-09-05T08:37:22","slug":"el-poder-de-conviccion-w-r-thompson-sobre-darwin-y-el-darwinismo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/2012\/06\/13\/134808","title":{"rendered":"El poder de convicci\u00f3n: W.R. Thompson sobre Darwin y el darwinismo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nceas.ucsb.edu\/~alroy\/lefa\/WRThompson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"357\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>En su texto de introducci\u00f3n al Origen de las Especies (Everyman, 1958),\u00a0 W.R. Thompson dice:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>He tratado de incluir en un resumen, necesariamente breve, los puntos m\u00e1s importantes en el argumento de Darwin y no intento debilitar la presentaci\u00f3n intencionadamente. Si Darwin convenci\u00f3 al mundo de que las especies se hab\u00edan originado a trav\u00e9s de la evoluci\u00f3n por selecci\u00f3n natural, fue, creo, sobre la base de los argumentos que he mencionado. Pero en cuestiones de este tipo mucho depende de la manera en que los argumentos se presentan. Darwin consideraba que la doctrina del origen de las formas vivas de la descendencia con modificaci\u00f3n, incluso si est\u00e1 bien fundada, no ser\u00eda satisfactoria a menos que las causas en acci\u00f3n se identificasen correctamente, por lo que su teor\u00eda de la modificaci\u00f3n por la selecci\u00f3n natural era, para \u00e9l, de una importancia absolutamente fundamental. Puesto que \u00e9l carec\u00eda en el momento de la publicaci\u00f3n del Origen de ning\u00fan cuerpo de evidencia experimental para apoyar su teor\u00eda, se dej\u00f3 caer en argumentos especulativos. La argumentaci\u00f3n utilizada por los evolucionistas, dijo De Quatrefages, hace que la discusi\u00f3n de sus ideas sea extremadamente dif\u00edcil. Convicciones personales, las m\u00e1s simples posibilidades, se presentan como si fueran pruebas, o por lo menos,\u00a0 argumentos v\u00e1lidos en favor de la teor\u00eda. Como ejemplo de Quatrefages cita la explicaci\u00f3n de Darwin acerca de la manera en que el carbonero podr\u00eda transformarse en el cascanueces, por la acumulaci\u00f3n de peque\u00f1os cambios en la estructura y el instinto debidos a la selecci\u00f3n natural, y luego procedi\u00f3 a demostrar que es igual de f\u00e1cil de transformar el cascanueces en el carbonero. La demostraci\u00f3n se puede modificar sin dificultad para adaptarse a cualquier caso concebible. Carece de valor cient\u00edfico, ya que no puede ser verificada, pero ya que la imaginaci\u00f3n tiene rienda suelta, es f\u00e1cil dar la impresi\u00f3n de que se ha dado un ejemplo concreto de la transmutaci\u00f3n real. <strong>Esto es algo sumamente atractivo debido a la extrema simplicidad fundamental de la explicaci\u00f3n darwiniana<\/strong>. El lector puede ser completamente ignorante de los procesos biol\u00f3gicos y sin embargo, sentir\u00e1 como si realmente entendiese,\u00a0 y en un sentido dominase el mecanismo por el cual se ha producido la maravillosa variedad de formas de vida. Esta fue sin duda una de las principales razones para el \u00e9xito del Origen. Otra es el car\u00e1cter evasivo del argumento darwiniano. Cada caracter\u00edstica de los organismos se mantiene en la existencia, ya que tiene un valor de supervivencia. Sin embargo, este valor se relaciona con la lucha por la existencia. Por lo tanto no estamos obligados a comprometernos en lo que respecta al significado de las diferencias entre los individuos o entre las especies ya que el poseedor de una modificaci\u00f3n en particular puede encontrarse, en la carrera por la vida, movi\u00e9ndose hacia arriba o qued\u00e1ndose atr\u00e1s. Por otro lado, podemos comprometernos si nos gusta, ya que es imposible desmentir nuestra afirmaci\u00f3n. La verosimilitud del argumento elimina la necesidad de la prueba y su propia naturaleza, le da una especie de inmunidad a la refutaci\u00f3n. <strong>Darwin no present\u00f3 en el Origen que las especies se hubiesen originado por la selecci\u00f3n natural, sino que simplemente demostr\u00f3, sobre la base de ciertos hechos y suposiciones, c\u00f3mo esto podr\u00eda haber sucedido, y as\u00ed como \u00e9l se hab\u00eda convencido a s\u00ed mismo, as\u00ed tambi\u00e9n fue capaz de convencer a los dem\u00e1s <\/strong>\u00ab(Thompson. , WR, \u00abIntroducci\u00f3n\u00bb, en Darwin CR, \u00abEl Origen de las Especies Mediante la Selecci\u00f3n Natural\u00bb, Sexta Edici\u00f3n, 1872, Biblioteca Everyman, JM Dent &amp; Sons: Londres, 1967, reimpresi\u00f3n, p.xi)<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00abI have tried to include in a necessarily brief summary the most important points in Darwin&#8217;s argument and have not designedly attempted to weaken the presentation. If Darwin convinced the world that species had originated through evolution by natural selection, it was, I think, on the basis of the arguments I have mentioned. But in a matter of this kind a great deal depends on the manner in which arguments are presented. Darwin considered that the doctrine of the <em>Origin<\/em> of living forms by descent with modification, even if well founded, would be unsatisfactory unless the causes at work were correctly identified, so his theory of modification by natural selection was, for him, of absolutely major importance. Since he had at the time the <em>Origin<\/em> was published no body of experimental evidence to support his theory, he fell back on speculative arguments. The argumentation used by evolutionists, said <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Louis_Armand_de_Quatrefages_de_Breau\">de Quatrefages<\/a>, makes the discussion of their ideas extremely difficult. Personal convictions, simple possibilities, are presented as if they were proofs, or at least valid arguments in favour of the theory. As an example de Quatrefages cited Darwin&#8217;s explanation of the manner in which the titmouse might become transformed into the nutcracker, by the accumulation of small changes in structure and instinct owing to the effect of natural selection; and then proceeded to show that it is just as easy to transform the nutcracker into the titmouse. The demonstration can be modified without difficulty to fit any conceivable case. It is without scientific value, since it cannot be verified; but since the imagination has free rein, it is easy to convey the impression that a concrete example of real transmutation has been given. This is the more appealing because of the extreme fundamental simplicity of the Darwinian explanation. The reader may be completely ignorant of biological processes yet he feels that he really understands and in a sense dominates the machinery by which the marvellous variety of living forms has been produced. This was certainly a major reason for the success of the <em>Origin<\/em>. Another is the elusive character of the Darwinian argument. Every characteristic of organisms is maintained in existence because it has survival value. But this value relates to the struggle for existence. Therefore we are not obliged to commit ourselves in regard to the meaning of differences between individuals or species since the possessor of a particular modification may be, in the race for life, moving up or falling behind. On the other hand, we can commit ourselves if we like, since it is impossible to disprove our statement. The plausibility of the argument eliminates the need for proof and its very nature gives it a kind of immunity to disproof. Darwin did not show in the <em>Origin<\/em> that species had originated by natural selection; he merely showed, on the basis of certain facts and assumptions, how this might have happened, and as he had convinced himself he was able to convince others.\u00bb (Thompson, W.R., \u00abIntroduction,\u00bb in Darwin C.R., \u00abThe Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,\u00bb Sixth Edition, 1872, Everyman&#8217;s Library, J.M. Dent &amp; Sons: London, 1967, reprint, p.xi)<\/p>\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n dice:<\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: small;\">The success of Darwinism was accompanied by a decline in scientific integrity. This is already evident in the reckless statements of Haeckel and in the shifting, devious and histrionic argumentation of T. H. Huxley.<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Y de este texto se ha dicho:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/769577?seq=17&amp;Search=yes&amp;searchText=species&amp;searchText=origin&amp;list=hide&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Diid%253A10.2307%252Fi231396%26Query%3Dorigin%2Bof%2Bspecies%26Search.x%3D6%26Search.y%3D5%26wc%3Don&amp;prevSearch=&amp;item=1&amp;ttl=11&amp;returnArticleService=showFullText&amp;resultsServiceName=null\">The introduction is still worth reading, not only for its style but for its fully justified castigation of the absurdities and dishonesties of darwinian writers such as Haeckel and the ridiculous vogue for the construction of phylogenetic trees.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>La fotograf\u00eda de Thompson procede del libro <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/769577?seq=2\"><cite>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society<\/cite><\/a> \u00a9 1973.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; En su texto de introducci\u00f3n al Origen de las Especies (Everyman, 1958),\u00a0 W.R. Thompson dice: &nbsp; He tratado de incluir en un resumen, necesariamente breve, los puntos m\u00e1s importantes en el argumento de Darwin y no intento debilitar la presentaci\u00f3n intencionadamente. Si Darwin convenci\u00f3 al mundo de que las especies se hab\u00edan originado a trav\u00e9s de la evoluci\u00f3n por selecci\u00f3n natural, fue, creo, sobre la base de los argumentos que he mencionado. Pero en cuestiones de este tipo mucho depende de la manera en que los argumentos se presentan. Darwin consideraba que la doctrina del origen\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":86,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[467,14313,488,6726],"tags":[22773],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/134808"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/86"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=134808"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/134808\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135263,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/134808\/revisions\/135263"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=134808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=134808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=134808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}