{"id":135485,"date":"2012-11-06T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2012-11-06T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/?p=135485"},"modified":"2019-07-31T09:08:53","modified_gmt":"2019-07-31T07:08:53","slug":"criticos-de-darwin-g","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/2012\/11\/06\/135485","title":{"rendered":"Cr\u00edticos de Darwin: G"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>G<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/archivos_10\/garrido-small.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"338\" \/><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Garrido, Julio (1911-1982)<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>La teor\u00eda de la evoluci\u00f3n tiene como base una visi\u00f3n materialista y cient\u00edfista del mundo, la cual es producida por una posici\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica determinada. Esta no es la \u00fanica posible, ni la m\u00e1s l\u00f3gica para todos, ni quiz\u00e1s la m\u00e1s fruct\u00edfera desde el punto de vista cient\u00edfico, sobre todo cuando se le quiere dar un car\u00e1cter absoluto y definitivo. Una cosa es el esp\u00edritu cient\u00edfico que estudia con detalle y precisi\u00f3n la realidad y busca interpretar los fen\u00f3menos teniendo en cuenta sus causas y sus leyes y otra cosa el cientifismo. Este rechaza por principio todo misterio y admite que todo puede ser explicado racionalmente. En su forma extrema se expresa por la afirmaci\u00f3n gratuita y panlog\u00edstica de Hegel: Todo lo real es racional y todo lo racional es real.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/www.daviddarling.info\/images\/Simpson_George_Gaylord.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"230\" height=\"230\" \/><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Gaylord Simpson, Georges (1902-1984)<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abAs Professor Ernst Mayr of Harvard once remarked, &#8216;the book called The Origin of Species is not really on that subject,'\u00bb notes author Gordon Taylor, \u00abwhile his colleague Professor Simpson admits: &#8216;Darwin failed to solve the problem indicated by the title of his work.&#8217; You may be surprised to hear that The Origin of Species remains just as much a mystery today, despite the efforts of thousands of biologists. The topic has been the main focus of attention and is beset by endless controversies\u00bb (The Great Evolution Mystery, 1983, p. 140).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h1><strong>Gelernter, David (1955-\u00a0\u00a0 )<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00abThe origin of species is exactly what Darwin cannot explain.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/memopol.lqdn.fr\/europe\/parliament\/mep\/24088\/picture.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"278\" \/><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Giertych, Maciej (1936-\u00a0 )<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La gen\u00e9tica poblacional no proporciona prueba alguna de la evoluci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El argumento de que la formaci\u00f3n de las razas es un ejemplo de un peque\u00f1o paso en la evoluci\u00f3n es falso, porque la formaci\u00f3n de las razas depende de la reducci\u00f3n de la informaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica, mientras que la evoluci\u00f3n postula su incremento.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La ciencia de la eugenesia apareci\u00f3 de resultas de la adopci\u00f3n de la teor\u00e1 darwinista de la evoluci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/_6eRz4EwNJwA\/RxNTQfgOcEI\/AAAAAAAAAcU\/-ol847QWH28\/s320\/gilson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"218\" height=\"314\" \/><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gilson, Etienne (1884-1978)<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">si el interesado por la historia emprende la lectura de El origen de las especies para buscar qu\u00e9 dice Darwin en tal obra sobre la evoluci\u00f3n, comprobar\u00e1 con sorpresa que la palabra no aparece en ning\u00fan sitio, ni en la primera edici\u00f3n (1859), ni en ninguna de las siguientes, hasta la sexta, aparecida diez a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s de la primera&#8230; El hecho es que el mismo Darwin no tuvo, en principio, la intenci\u00f3n principal de promover una doctrina de la evoluci\u00f3n, pues pudo exponer completamente su pensamiento sin emplear la palabra, cuya existencia, sin embargo, conoc\u00eda. En resumen, si hubo un inventor de la teor\u00eda de la evoluci\u00f3n, no pudo ser \u00e9l.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Spencer est\u00e1 verdaderamente en su sitio entre los fil\u00f3sofos; el evolucionismo es, verdaderamente, una doctrina filos\u00f3fica amparada por las plumas de la ciencia, pero es aut\u00e9nticamente una filosof\u00eda y Spencer, no Darwin, es su autor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De Arist\u00f3teles a Darwin (y vuelta), Ediciones EUNSA, Pamplona, 1980, segunda edici\u00f3n, p. 117.<\/p>\n<p>Aristotle had a clear consciousness of the difficulty(of understanding how a non-intelligent think like nature could act intelligently-that is act for an end), but unlike certain of our contemporaries, a fact remained a fact for him even when he realized that he was incapable of explaining it.<\/p>\n<p>(p 11)<\/p>\n<p>Nothing is lees like Darwin\u2019s doctrine than the idea that new species should be already present in their ancestors, from which they only have to evolve in the course of time. Now, if the word \u201cevolution\u201d does not signify the contrary, or the \u00a0inverse movement, from that of an in-volution, it does not signify anything intelligible. It is not certain that the present chaotic state of scientific evolutionism is not but the deferred effect of this original fault. Darwin at first avoided it. In a sense he was never personally responsible for it.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(p 61)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/daisyfield.com\/ew\/jpg\/tn\/tn_1920-est-Richard-Goldschmidt--Hertwigs-Assistant_jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"222\" height=\"275\" \/><\/p>\n<h1>Goldschmidt, Richard B. (1878-1958)<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The decisive step in evolution, the first step toward macroevolution, the step from one species to another, requires another evolutionary method than that of sheer accumulation of micromutations.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We have long been seeking a different kind of evolutionary process and have now found one; namely, the change within the pattern of the chromosomes. &#8230; The neo-Darwinian theory of the geneticists is no longer tenable.<\/p>\n<p>\u00abIn spite of the immense amount of the paleontological material and the existence of long series of intact stratigraphic sequences with perfect records for the lower categories, transitions between the higher categories are missing.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Richard B. Goldschmidt, \u00abEvolution, As Viewed by One Geneticist\u00bb, <em>American Scientist, <\/em>Vol.<em> <\/em>40, January,<em> <\/em>1952, p. 98.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cMicroevolution does not lead beyond the confines of the species, and the typical products of microevolution, the geographic races, are not incipient species. There is no such category as incipient species.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Richard B. Goldschmidt, The Material Basis of Evolution (1960), p. 396. [\u00abIncipient\u00bb = the early, initial stages of something new.]<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/Maxim_Gorky_LOC_Restored_edit1.jpg\/250px-Maxim_Gorky_LOC_Restored_edit1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"364\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Gorki, Maxim (1868-1936)<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Poco antes de la entrevista yo hab\u00eda leido un libro-creo que de Draper-sobre la lucha del catolicismo contra la ciencia, y me parec\u00eda que todo aquello lo estaba diciendo uno de esos apasionados creyentes en la salvaci\u00f3n del mundo por medio del amor, que, por compasi\u00f3n hacia los hombres, est\u00e1n dispuestos a degollarlos o a quemarlos en la hoguera. El orador llevaba una camisa blanca, de anchas mangas, y encima de ella, un bat\u00edn, gris y viejo, lo que le diferenciaba tambi\u00e9n de todos los dem\u00e1s. Al final de su serm\u00f3n grit\u00f3: <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>-Pues bien \u00bfEst\u00e1is con Cristo o con Darwin?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Lanz\u00f3 la pregunta como una piedra al rinc\u00f3n donde se hacinaban los j\u00f3venes, sentados unos junto a otros, y desde donde le miraban, con temor o arrobamiento, ojos de muchachos y muchachas. Su discurso deb\u00eda haber asombrado a todos, la gente callaba pensativa, gacha la cabeza. Abarc\u00f3 a todos con una ardiente mirada y agreg\u00f3, severo:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>-S\u00f3lo los fariseos pueden intentar unir estos dos or\u00edgenes irreconciliables, y, al hacerlo, se mienten a s\u00ed mismos de un modo vergonzoso y pervierten con la mentira\u00a0 a las gentes\u2026.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Referencia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1ximo Gorki.\u00a0 Mis Universidades. Editorial Zero. Colecci\u00f3n \u201cSe hace camino al andar\u201d. Serie S n\u00famero 37.<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-c31aX_T5j4c\/TawIEiKvDnI\/AAAAAAAADNk\/5-ZhueLXaqA\/s1600\/Pierre-Paul+Grass%25C3%25A9+-+Poulain.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Grass\u00e9,\u00a0 Paul\u00a0 (1895-1985)<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 1977, el bi\u00f3logo franc\u00e9s P. Grass\u00e9 escrib\u00eda sobre la comprobaci\u00f3n en la<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Naturaleza de la actuaci\u00f3n de la Selecci\u00f3n Natural:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00ab&#8230;Es sencillamente la observaci\u00f3n\u00a0 de factores demogr\u00e1ficos, de fluctuaciones locales\u00a0 de genotipos y de distribuciones\u00a0 geogr\u00e1ficas. \u00a1A menudo las especies observadas han\u00a0 permanecido pr\u00e1cticamente sin cambios durante cientos de siglos!\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">* GRASS\u00c9, P. 1977. La evoluci\u00f3n de lo viviente. H.\u00a0 Blume Ediciones. Madrid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(Traducci\u00f3n de \u00abL&#8217;Evolution du vivant\u00bb, 1975).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(en \u201cTeor\u00eda Sint\u00e9tica: Crisis y revoluci\u00f3n. M\u00e1ximo Sand\u00edn)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>la analog\u00eda con la selecci\u00f3n artificial es enga\u00f1osa. Los criadores de plantas y animales emplean inteligencia y conocimiento especializado\u2026 El objetivo de la teor\u00eda de Darwin, sin embargo, era establecer que procesos naturales sin un prop\u00f3sito pueden reemplazar al dise\u00f1o inteligente. <strong>Que \u00e9l lograra su objetivo citando los logros de dise\u00f1adores inteligentes prueba s\u00f3lo que la audiencia receptiva de su teor\u00eda era altamente acr\u00edtica<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Constatamos no sin sorpresa, que las teor\u00edas que explican actualmente la evoluci\u00f3n descansan sobre los mismos principios que las del pasado. A pesar de ello no han disminuido en absoluto las pretensiones de sus partidarios, sino todo lo contrario, y muchos bi\u00f3logos anglosajones e incluso franceses escriben sin vacilaci\u00f3n que el mecanismo de la evoluci\u00f3n es conocido con toda precisi\u00f3n y certeza; tal es su fe en la doctrina. Se ha pasado del darwinismo al neodarwinismo y recientemente al ultradarwinismo, que pretende ser no solo el depositario exclusivo de la verdad en materia de evoluci\u00f3n, sino incluso de la evoluci\u00f3n misma; resulta pues vana toda discusi\u00f3n con sus partidarios.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>El ultradarwinismo actual, que pretende estar en posesi\u00f3n de la verdad, enga\u00f1a a los bi\u00f3logos deficientemente informados, les extrav\u00eda y les inspira interpretaciones err\u00f3neas.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>He aqu\u00ed un ejemplo tomado al azar de una lectura: \u00abEntre los microorganismos, el tiempo de generaci\u00f3n es corto y el tama\u00f1o de la poblaci\u00f3n es enorme. Por consiguiente, la mutaci\u00f3n act\u00faa como un proceso de evoluci\u00f3n muy potente en periodos de tiempo m\u00e1s breves que en una poblaci\u00f3n de organismos superiores\u00bb P R Lewin 1969<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Este texto da claramente a entender que las bacterias actuales evolucionan muy r\u00e1pidamente gracias a sus innumerables mutaciones. Pero eso no es cierto: desde hace milenios, incluso miles de millones de a\u00f1os, las bacterias no se han despegado de su cuadro estructural, dentro del del que han fluctuado y contin\u00faan haci\u00e9ndolo. Por supuesto, en los cultivos, el microbi\u00f3logo ve las especies bacterianas oscilar en torno a una forma media, pero esta constataci\u00f3n no autoriza a Levine a confundir dos fen\u00f3menos diferentes, como son la variaci\u00f3n del c\u00f3digo gen\u00e9tico por copiado erroneo del DNA y la evoluci\u00f3n. Variar es una cosa, evolucionar es otra; no nos cansaremos de repetirlo.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>A golpe de dobles postulados, de extrapolaciones temerarias- si no ileg\u00edtimas-, se crea y se instala una seudociencia en el coraz\u00f3n mismo de la biolog\u00eda, induciendo a error a muchos bioqu\u00edmicos y bi\u00f3logos que de buena fe, creen demostrar la exactitud de nociones fundamentales que de hecho no lo son.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Los bioqu\u00edmicos y bi\u00f3logos que se adhieren con los ojos cerrados a la doctrina darwinista se esfuerzan por hacer corresponder con ella los resultados de sus trabajos, y orientan en consecuencia, sus investigaciones, ya se refieran a la ecolog\u00eda, la etolog\u00eda, la sociolog\u00eda, la din\u00e1mica de poblaciones, la gen\u00e9tica o la paleontolog\u00eda&#8230; Esta intrusi\u00f3n de la teor\u00eda tiene tres efectos inoportunos: priva de objetividad a las observaciones y las experiencias, las hace parciales y, lo que es m\u00e1s grave, engendra falsos problemas.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>La Evoluci\u00f3n de lo Viviente<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The bacillus <em>Escherichia col<\/em>i, whose mutants have been studied very carefully, is the best example. The reader will agree that it is surprising, to say the least, to want to prove evolution and to discover its mechanisms and then to choose as a material for this study a being which practically stabilized a billion years ago!\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evolution of Living Organisms\u00a0 (1977)\u00a0 p.87<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Through use and abuse of hidden postulates, of bold, often ill-founded extrapolations, a pseudoscience has been created. It is taking root in the very heart of biology and is leading astray many biochemists and biologists, who sincerely believe that the accuracy of fundamental concepts has been demonstrated, which is not the case. \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evolution of Living Organisms\u00a0 (1977)\u00a0 p.6<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/www.arn.org\/authors\/groothuis.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"208\" height=\"277\" \/><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.arn.org\/authors\/groothuis.html\">Groothuis, Douglas <\/a><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(Ph.D. Associate Professor of Philosophy Denver Seminary)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I first read this book in 1980, and was quite impressed with its critique of Darwinism as a logical construct. Macbeth took up the study of Darwinist argumentation as a avocation. He does not appeal to any religious authority to contradict Darwinism, nor does he reject the idea of evolution in toto. Rather, he finds the evidence and arguments for Darwinism to be deeply flawed. Questions are begged, evidence is fudged, and extrapolations are unwarranted.<\/p>\n<p>The first edition of this book (1971) came well over a decade before Michael Denton&#8217;s pivotal critique, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis (1986), and well before the theistic Intelligent Design Movement, spearheaded by Phillip E. Johson&#8217;s book, Darwin on Trial (1991; revised edition, 1993). (Johnson is also a laywer, and a professor of law at UC-Berkeley.) MacBeth has also published a small booklet of interviews on the topic called, Darwinism: A Time for Funerals (1985). This is a thoughtful and fair critique well worth reading. Let me end with a quote from the author: \u00abAny profession [he has biology in mind] that does not supply its own criticism and iconoclasm will discover that someone else will do the job, and usually in a way it does not like.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Darwin-Retried-Norman-Macbeth\/dp\/0876451059\"><strong>A lawyer&#8217;s verdict: Darwinism guilty of many logical errors<\/strong>. Cr\u00edtica del libro Darwin Retried: an Appeal to Reason de Norman Macbeth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><br clear=\"all\" \/> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G &nbsp; \u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4\u00f8,\u00b8\u00b8,\u00f8\u00a4\u00ba\u00b0`\u00b0\u00ba\u00a4 &nbsp; Garrido, Julio (1911-1982) \u00a0 La teor\u00eda de la evoluci\u00f3n tiene como base una visi\u00f3n materialista y cient\u00edfista del mundo, la cual es producida por una posici\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica determinada. Esta no es la \u00fanica posible, ni la m\u00e1s l\u00f3gica para todos, ni quiz\u00e1s la m\u00e1s fruct\u00edfera desde el punto de vista cient\u00edfico, sobre todo cuando se le quiere dar un car\u00e1cter absoluto y definitivo. Una cosa es el esp\u00edritu cient\u00edfico que estudia con detalle y precisi\u00f3n la realidad y busca interpretar los fen\u00f3menos teniendo en cuenta sus causas y sus leyes y otra cosa el cientifismo. Este\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":86,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[467,14313],"tags":[22773],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135485"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/86"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=135485"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135485\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135616,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135485\/revisions\/135616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=135485"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=135485"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/biologia_pensamiento\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=135485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}