{"id":141918,"date":"2016-07-30T06:16:43","date_gmt":"2016-07-30T05:16:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/?p=141918"},"modified":"2016-07-30T06:16:43","modified_gmt":"2016-07-30T05:16:43","slug":"el-hombre-que-escribia-en-los-puentes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918","title":{"rendered":"El hombre que escrib\u00eda en los puentes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Esta entrada est\u00e1 dedicada a la figura de William R. Hamilton, el inventor de los cuaternios <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/13\/141856\">que us\u00f3 Maxwell <\/a>para escribir sus ecuaciones y que hizo adem\u00e1s grandes contribuciones a la \u00d3ptica.<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_141928\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-141928\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-141928\" title=\"Broombridge3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-141928\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Puente de Broom<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>16 de octubre de 1846, un hombre pasea con su esposa por las orillas del Canal Real de Dubl\u00edn (Irlanda) y empieza a cruzar el puente de Broom. Es William Rowen Hamilton, pensando en un problema matem\u00e1tico. De repente se detiene, la inspiraci\u00f3n ha llegado a su mente: acaba de inventar los cuaternios. \u00c9l mismo lo cuenta en esta carta a su hijo Archibald:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Letter dated August 5, 1865.<\/p>\n<p><em>MY DEAR ARCHIBALD &#8211; (1) I had been wishing for an occasion of corresponding a little with you on QUATERNIONS: and such now presents itself, by your mentioning in your note of yesterday, received this morning, that you \u00abhave been reflecting on several points connected with them\u00bb (the quaternions), \u00abparticularly on the Multiplication of Vectors.\u2019\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(2) No more important, or indeed fundamental question, in the whole Theory of Quaternions, can be proposed than that which thus inquires What is such MULTIPLICATION? What are its Rules, its Objects, its Results? What Analogies exist between it and other Operations, which have received the same general Name? And finally, what is (if any) its Utility?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(3) If I may be allowed to speak of myself in connexion with the subject, I might do so in a way which would bring you in, by referring to an ante-quaternionic time, when you were a mere child, but had caught from me the conception of a Vector, as represented by a Triplet: and indeed I happen to be able to put the finger of memory upon the year and month &#8211; October, 1843 &#8211; when having recently returned from visits to Cork and Parsonstown, connected with a meeting of the British Association, the desire to discover the laws of the multiplication referred to regained with me a certain strength and earnestness, which had for years been dormant, but was then on the point of being gratified, and was occasionally talked of with you. Every morning in the early part of the above-cited month, on my coming down to breakfast, your (then) little brother William Edwin, and yourself, used to ask me, \u00abWell, Papa, can you multiply triplets\u00bb? Whereto I was always obliged to reply, with a sad shake of the head: \u00abNo, I can only add and subtract them.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(4) But on the 16th day of the same month &#8211; which happened to be a Monday, and a Council day of the Royal Irish Academy &#8211; I was walking in to attend and preside, and your mother was walking with me, along the Royal Canal, to which she had perhaps driven; and although she talked with me now and then, yet an under-current of thought was going on in my mind, which gave at last a result, whereof it is not too much to say that I felt at once the importance. An electric circuit seemed to close; and a spark flashed forth, the herald (as I foresaw, immediately) of many long years to come of definitely directed thought and work, by myself if spared, and at all events on the part of others, if I should even be allowed to live long enough distinctly to communicate the discovery. Nor could I resist the impulse &#8211; unphilosophical as it may have been &#8211; to cut with a knife on a stone of Brougham Bridge, as we passed it, the fundamental formula with the symbols, i, j, k; namely,<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i2 = j2 = k2 = ijk = -1 <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>which contains the Solution of the Problem, but of course, as an inscription, has long since mouldered away. A more durable notice remains, however, on the Council Books of the Academy for that day (October 16th, 1843), which records the fact, that I then asked for and obtained leave to read a Paper on Quaternions, at the First General Meeting of the session: which reading took place accordingly, on Monday the 13th of the November following.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>With this quaternion of paragraphs I close this letter I.; but I hope to follow it up very shortly with another.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Your affectionate father,<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 WILLIAM ROWAN HAMILTON<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/William_Rowan_Hamilton_Plaque_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_347941.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-141919\" title=\"Exif_JPEG_PICTURE\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/William_Rowan_Hamilton_Plaque_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_347941-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/William_Rowan_Hamilton_Plaque_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_347941-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/William_Rowan_Hamilton_Plaque_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_347941.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Una placa conmemora ese hecho, placa en la que se puede leer:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Here, as he walked by<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>on the 16th of October 1843,<\/p>\n<p>Sir William Rowan Hamilton,<\/p>\n<p>in a flash of genius, discovered<\/p>\n<p>the fundamental formula for<\/p>\n<p>i\u00b2 = j\u00b2 = k\u00b2 = ijk = -1<\/p>\n<p>&amp; cut it on a stone of this bridge.<\/p>\n<p>Esta placa fue inaugurada por \u00c9amon de Valera, presidente de Irlanda, tambi\u00e9n matem\u00e1tico y estudioso de los cuaternios, el 13 de noviembre de 1958. Cada a\u00f1o, se repite el recorrido de Hamilton por el canal Real en conmemoraci\u00f3n de ese hecho tan notable.<\/p>\n<p>Repasemos brevemente la biograf\u00eda de Hamilton. Naci\u00f3 y muri\u00f3 en Dubl\u00edn (1805-1865). Fue un ni\u00f1o prodigio, tanto en matem\u00e1ticas como en lenguas cl\u00e1sicas. Ya a la edad de 8 a\u00f1os disput\u00f3 un torneo de c\u00e1lculo en Dubl\u00edn con el prodigio norteamericano Zerah Colburn, torneo que perdi\u00f3 y a ra\u00edz del cu\u00e1l decidi\u00f3 dedicarle m\u00e1s tiempo a las matem\u00e1ticas. No desaprovech\u00f3 el tiempo, y ya a la edad de 22 a\u00f1os fue nombrado profesor de Astronom\u00eda (antes de terminar el grado).<\/p>\n<p>Los grandes resultados de Hamilton fueron en la llamada \u00d3ptica Geom\u00e9trica, la Mec\u00e1nica Cl\u00e1sica, y el \u00e1lgebra de cuaternios, entre otros. No public\u00f3 sin embargo muchos art\u00edculos a pesar de haber obtenido numerosos resultados porque era muy perfeccionista. Al contrario, escrib\u00eda largas cartas en las que discut\u00eda los problemas que estaba abordando.<\/p>\n<p>A Hamilton se le debe el llamado principio de Hamilton que proporciona las ecuaciones de Euler-Lagrange usando C\u00e1lculo de Variaciones. Tambi\u00e9n llevan su nombre las ecuaciones de Hamilton<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_141920\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-141920\" style=\"width: 122px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/24f4e147d82c66a70e151a044a9082f8.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-141920\" title=\"24f4e147d82c66a70e151a044a9082f8\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/24f4e147d82c66a70e151a044a9082f8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"122\" height=\"123\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-141920\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecuaciones de Hamilton<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>En estas ecuaciones aparecen:<\/p>\n<p>Posiciones q<\/p>\n<p>Momentos p<\/p>\n<p>Hamiltoniano H = H (q, p)<\/p>\n<p>H = K + V (energ\u00eda total o energ\u00eda hamiltoniana).<\/p>\n<p>El \u00e1lgebra de los cuaternios es su gran creaci\u00f3n, y es una extensi\u00f3n de los n\u00fameros complejos a cuatro dimensiones.<\/p>\n<p>Otro de sus logros es la llamada ecuaci\u00f3n de Hamilton-Jacobi, esencial para estudiar la integrabilidad de los sistemas mec\u00e1nicos.<\/p>\n<p>Su notoriedad en Irlanda es enorme, como muestran estos sellos que aqu\u00ed reproducimos<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_6.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-141921\" title=\"Hamilton_6\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_6-300x128.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_6-300x128.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_6.jpg 466w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_4.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-141926\" title=\"Hamilton_4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_4-263x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"263\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_4-263x300.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Hamilton_4.jpg 286w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mas nociones matem\u00e1ticas llevan su nombre, como\u00a0 la de camino hamiltoniano, que es un camino de un grafo, una sucesi\u00f3n de aristas adyacentes, que pasa por todos los v\u00e9rtices del grafo una sola vez. Si adem\u00e1s el \u00faltimo v\u00e9rtice visitado es adyacente al primero, el camino es un ciclo hamiltoniano. Hamilton, de hecho, invent\u00f3 un juego que consist\u00eda en encontrar un ciclo hamiltoniano en las aristas de un grafo de un dodecaedro. Hamilton resolvi\u00f3 este problema usando cuaternios, aunque su soluci\u00f3n no era generalizable a todos los grafos.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/500px-Hamiltonian_path.svg_.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-141922\" title=\"500px-Hamiltonian_path.svg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/500px-Hamiltonian_path.svg_-300x287.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/500px-Hamiltonian_path.svg_-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/500px-Hamiltonian_path.svg_.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sobre \u00d3ptica, Hamilton desarroll\u00f3 su tratado <em>Theory of Systems of Rays<\/em>. La comprobaci\u00f3n experimental unos meses m\u00e1s tarde de su teor\u00eda a cargo de Humphrey Lloyd, le proporcion\u00f3 una gran fama.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong>Manuel de Le\u00f3n<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(CSIC, Fundador del ICMAT, Real Academia de Ciencias, Real Academia Canaria de Ciencias, ICSU)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Esta entrada est\u00e1 dedicada a la figura de William R. Hamilton, el inventor de los cuaternios que us\u00f3 Maxwell para escribir sus ecuaciones y que hizo adem\u00e1s grandes contribuciones a la \u00d3ptica. 16 de octubre de 1846, un hombre pasea con su esposa por las orillas del Canal Real de Dubl\u00edn (Irlanda) y empieza a cruzar el puente de Broom. Es William Rowen Hamilton, pensando en un problema matem\u00e1tico. De repente se detiene, la inspiraci\u00f3n ha llegado a su mente: acaba de inventar los cuaternios. \u00c9l mismo lo cuenta en esta carta a su hijo Archibald: Letter dated August 5,\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v18.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>El hombre que escrib\u00eda en los puentes - Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"El hombre que escrib\u00eda en los puentes - Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Esta entrada est\u00e1 dedicada a la figura de William R. Hamilton, el inventor de los cuaternios que us\u00f3 Maxwell para escribir sus ecuaciones y que hizo adem\u00e1s grandes contribuciones a la \u00d3ptica. 16 de octubre de 1846, un hombre pasea con su esposa por las orillas del Canal Real de Dubl\u00edn (Irlanda) y empieza a cruzar el puente de Broom. Es William Rowen Hamilton, pensando en un problema matem\u00e1tico. De repente se detiene, la inspiraci\u00f3n ha llegado a su mente: acaba de inventar los cuaternios. \u00c9l mismo lo cuenta en esta carta a su hijo Archibald: Letter dated August 5,\u2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-07-30T05:16:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31-300x200.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/\",\"name\":\"Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"es\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31-300x200.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/files\/2016\/07\/Broombridge31-300x200.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918\",\"name\":\"El hombre que escrib\u00eda en los puentes - Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2016-07-30T05:16:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-07-30T05:16:43+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/#\/schema\/person\/15722bca1b77eece37f4c192bd1b5230\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/2016\/07\/30\/141918#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"El hombre que escrib\u00eda en los puentes\"}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/#\/schema\/person\/15722bca1b77eece37f4c192bd1b5230\",\"name\":\"Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/matematicas\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50eb6cc40d97cb9ad268a3471c7e2492?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50eb6cc40d97cb9ad268a3471c7e2492?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Matem\u00e1ticas y sus fronteras\"},\"description\":\"Manuel de Le\u00f3n es Profesor de Investigaci\u00f3n del CSIC, acad\u00e9mico de la Real Academia de Ciencias y su Tesorero, fundador del ICMAT (CSIC), acad\u00e9mico de la Real Academia Canaria de Ciencias y de la Real Academia Galega de Ciencias. 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Hamilton, el inventor de los cuaternios que us\u00f3 Maxwell para escribir sus ecuaciones y que hizo adem\u00e1s grandes contribuciones a la \u00d3ptica. 16 de octubre de 1846, un hombre pasea con su esposa por las orillas del Canal Real de Dubl\u00edn (Irlanda) y empieza a cruzar el puente de Broom. Es William Rowen Hamilton, pensando en un problema matem\u00e1tico. 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