{"id":101991,"date":"2008-09-27T12:59:00","date_gmt":"2008-09-27T12:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2008\/09\/27\/101991.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:49:12","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:49:12","slug":"fertilizantes-y-agricultura-una-revolucion-necesaria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2008\/09\/27\/101991","title":{"rendered":"Fertilizantes y Agricultura: Una Revoluci\u00f3n Necesaria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Casi nadie duda ya de que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la revoluci\u00f3n verde<\/SPAN><\/B> basada en la maquinaria pesada y el uso abusivo de fertilizantes, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">gener\u00f3 una mejora de la producci\u00f3n agropecuaria, pero tambi\u00e9n<\/SPAN><\/B> una herencia dif\u00edcil de ser digerida por el medio ambiente. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">La poluci\u00f3n de suelos y aguas ha causado estragos, no solo en los ecosistemas \u201cagroindustriales<\/SPAN><\/B>, sino <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">tambi\u00e9n<\/SPAN><\/B> en <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la biosfera en su conjunto, incluidos los oc\u00e9anos<\/SPAN><\/B>. Las enormes cantidades de <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">f\u00f3sforo<\/SPAN> <\/B>y especialmente <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">nitr\u00f3geno<\/SPAN><\/B> han sido los <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">responsables de las floraciones algales y los desiertos (puntos muertos) marinos <\/SPAN><\/B>que siguen apareciendo por doquier. Estos, al margen de un grave deterioro ambiental, tambi\u00e9n han <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">afectado gravemente a las pesquer\u00edas<\/SPAN><\/B>. La cuenca del Mississippi que evacua sus aguas en el Golfo de M\u00e9xico es un testimonio de c\u00f3mo <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el mar es tambi\u00e9n un vertedero de fertilizantes<\/SPAN><\/B>. La noticia que da lugar a este post, aparecida en <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Terradaily<\/SPAN><\/B> <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">y Ssiencedaily<\/SPAN><\/B>, me ha generado una sensaci\u00f3n ambigua. Por un lado se trata de buenas noticias, pero por otro nos narra la historia de los productos anteriores, como se si tratara de una empresa heroica lecada a cabo a los hombros de los hijos del T\u00edo Sam.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Como ver\u00e9is, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el an\u00e1lisis lleva por t\u00edtulo<\/SPAN><\/B>: <A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/TVA_Fertilizer_Technology_Used_Worldwide_999.html\"><FONT color=#800080>TVA Fertilizer Technology Used Worldwide<\/FONT><\/A>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">TVA es la abreviaci\u00f3n de \u201cTennessee Valley Autority<\/SPAN><\/B>, y hace referencia a la entidad americana que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">gener\u00f3 la cultura fertilizadora entre los a\u00f1os 50 y 70 sobre la que se basa la actual<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Se trata de <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">una propuesta para elaboraci\u00f3n de una nueva generaci\u00f3n de fertilizantes m\u00e1s baratos y respetuosos con el medio ambiente, basada en las nuevas tecnolog\u00edas<\/SPAN><\/B>, como lo son la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">biolog\u00eda molecular y las nanociencias, y otras m\u00e1s cl\u00e1sicas <\/SPAN><\/B>como la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">mejora gen\u00e9tica vegetal<\/SPAN><\/B>. Se pretende<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> aplicar mucho menos cantidad de modo m\u00e1s eficiente<\/SPAN><\/B>, a la par que<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> sortear en su producci\u00f3n la cultura del petr\u00f3leo<\/SPAN><\/B> sobre la que sustent\u00f3 la que hoy \u201cdisfrutamos y padecemos\u201d. Es decir se considera a su vez el<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> ahorro energ\u00e9tico<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<IMG style=\"WIDTH: 455px; HEIGHT: 379px\" height=409 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/949\/o_IFDC.jpg\" width=493><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.ifdc.org\/focusonfertlizer7.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Subida del Precio de los Fertilizantes durante el \u00faltimo a\u00f1o y medio<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.ifdc.org\/focusonfertlizer7.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Fuente: International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><!--more--><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Tras narrar la gran epopeya americana de los fertilizantes cl\u00e1sicos, diversos personajes se\u00f1alan que la Divisi\u00f3n de Desarrollo de Investigaci\u00f3n y Mercado del <A href=\"http:\/\/www.ifdc.org\/focusonfertlizer.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Centro Internacional d Fertilidad e Investigaci\u00f3n Agr\u00edcola<\/FONT><\/A> <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">IFDC<\/SPAN><\/B> ser\u00eda el organismo id\u00f3neo para desarrollar una nueva generaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s eficiente, econ\u00f3mica y<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>respetuosa con el medio ambiente, sustentada en la aplicaci\u00f3n de las nuevas tecnolog\u00edas (nanotecnolog\u00eda y biotecnolog\u00eda). La nota del IFDC, que no la de abajo (ver enlaces en el texto), nos informa que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el precio de los fertili1zantes se ha triplicado durante el \u00faltimo a\u00f1o y medio, generando<\/SPAN><\/B> un <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">grav\u00edsimo problema<\/SPAN><\/B> para la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">seguridad alimentaria de los pa\u00edses del tercer mundo<\/SPAN><\/B>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">\u00bfRazones? Las ya sabidas por todos<\/SPAN><\/B>: incremento espectacular en los<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> precios del petr\u00f3leo<\/SPAN><\/B>, el incremento de consumo y cambios en los h\u00e1bitos alimentarios de los <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">dragones asi\u00e1ticos emergentes<\/SPAN><\/B> (en especial China e India), la histeria por los<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> agrocombustibles<\/SPAN><\/B> y la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ca\u00edda de la producci\u00f3n debida a los desastres naturales en algunos pa\u00edses<\/SPAN><\/B>, como Australia (sequ\u00edas). Del mismo modo, reconoce que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los fertilizantes actuales han sido parcialmente responsables del calentamiento de la atm\u00f3sfera, as\u00ed como de los graves problemas de contaminaci\u00f3n y poluci\u00f3n ambiental <\/SPAN><\/B>que sufren bastas regiones del planeta. Tambi\u00e9n comentan <SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">l<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\">a desesperada necesidad de fertilizantes de los agricultores subsaharianos<\/B><\/SPAN>, por ejemplo, que no pueden adquir\u00edos a los precios actuales de mercado. El IFDC rese\u00f1a que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los actuales productos se basaron en la cultura del petr\u00f3leo barato<\/SPAN><\/B>, lo que significa un <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">despilfarro de energ\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B> que no puede ni debe continuar. M\u00e1s aun, nos informan, como podr\u00e9is leer abajo, que l<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">a mayor parte de las ingentes cantidades de fertilizantes que hoy echamos en nuestras tierras no son utilizadas por las plantas contaminando suelos y aguas<\/SPAN><\/B>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p><IMG style=\"WIDTH: 440px; HEIGHT: 261px\" height=395 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/949\/o_Food-crisis.jpg\" width=749><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/world\/story\/41622.html\"><FONT color=#800080>La Crisis Alimentaria Mundial. Fuente: McClatchy<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Hasta aqu\u00ed todo debiera parecer normal. Sin embargo <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el IFDC demanda ayudas econ\u00f3micas gubernamentales y privadas<\/SPAN><\/B> con vistas a poder cumplir tales objetivos.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Del mismo modo, sus dirigentes se\u00f1alan que se trata del organismo m\u00e1s competente y preparado que existe hoy en d\u00eda para hacer frente a la basta misi\u00f3n humanitaria y ambiental que proponen (desde luego no tienen abuela). Pues bien, resulta que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el IFDC<\/SPAN><\/B>, de cuyas buenas intenciones no tengo porqu\u00e9 dudar,<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> inici\u00f3 su andadura hace treinta a\u00f1os. \u00bfNo hab\u00edan tenido tiempo para recapacitar con anterioridad? \u00bfNos advirtieron de las grav\u00edsimas repercusiones colaterales de la fiebre por los agrocombustibles?<\/SPAN><\/B> Y as\u00ed me surgen muchas preguntas m\u00e1s. Y aqu\u00ed la gran duda: <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">\u00bfbuenas intenciones y\/o oportunidades de negocio?: \u00bfmarketing o ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda?<\/SPAN><\/B>. Honestamente no tengo respuestas. Tan solo puedo decir que desde el punto de vista empresarial se trata de un \u201cmomento inmejorable\u201d para vender las bondades de lo que puede hacerse all\u00ed. Y es que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el funcionamiento de los centros cient\u00edficos se asemeja cada vez m\u00e1s al de las multinacionales<\/SPAN><\/B>. Una moda devastadora que est\u00e1n imponiendo los defensores de la globalizaci\u00f3n a todo bombo y platillo. \u00bfPero no estamos observando y sufriendo que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la tan cacareada autorregulaci\u00f3n del mercado es una falacia <\/SPAN><\/B>de los filibusteros que se embolsan el dinero de los ciudadanos a manos llenas, empobreciendo a gran parte de la humanidad? <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Sea como sea, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">s\u00ed es cierto que debemos urgir un cambio de paradigma en la gesti\u00f3n de la fertilidad de nuestros suelos, si no queremos ahogarnos en nuestra propia contaminaci\u00f3n, y aliviar el hambre del tercer mundo. Herramientas tecnol\u00f3gicas las hay, no lo duden. Otra cuesti\u00f3n bien distinta son las predisposiciones gubernamentales y los intereses empresariales.<\/SPAN><\/B> Recordemos que, como ya denunciamos en otros post, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los fondos de la FAO son cada vez menores y en materia de suelos tan solo dan para<\/SPAN><\/B> la supervivencia en su staff de unos pocos funcionarios. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">\u00bfVosotros que opin\u00e1is?<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/TVA_Fertilizer_Technology_Used_Worldwide_999.html\"><FONT color=#800080>TVA Fertilizer Technology Used Worldwide<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">by Staff Writers; Muscle Shoals AL (SPX) <\/SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" \/><st1:date Month=\"8\" Day=\"27\" Year=\"2008\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Aug 27, 2008<\/SPAN><\/st1:date><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><BR><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">About 75% of fertilizers and fertilizer technology used around the world today were developed or improved during the 1950s to 1970s by scientists and engineers at the <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">Tennessee Valley Authority<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\"> <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\">(TVA) <\/B><\/SPAN>in the <\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">United States<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, says <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">John Shields<\/SPAN><\/B>, a former TVA official.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Shields is now Interim Director of the<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> Research and Market Development Division of IFDC, an International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, based in Muscle Shoals, <\/SPAN><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Alabama<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">An investment of $41 million in fertilizer research through 1981 returned an incredible $57 billion to <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">U.S<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">.<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> agriculture,\u00bb Shields says. \u00abThat doesn&#8217;t include benefits of the technology to the rest of the world.\u00bb <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">But inadequate public funding caused closure of the TVA fertilizer research program in the early 1990s. <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">Today, publicly funded fertilizer research and development has essentially ceased-and so has the flow of new and more efficient fertilizers and fertilizer manufacturing technologies<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">Dr. Amit Roy, IFDC President and CEO, says, \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">TVA&#8217;s fertilizer program is recognized as one of the most effective research and development programs of any U.S. agency.<\/SPAN><\/B> <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Its benefits to the world far outweigh the public investment that the <\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">United States<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> made in fertilizer research and development. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">\u00abIt&#8217;s time to launch a radical initiative to develop a new generation of energy-efficient fertilizers to help avert hunger and famine<\/SPAN><\/B>.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: teal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">TVA Achievements<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">TVA developed high-analysis fertilizers with high nutrient content as well as more efficient manufacturing processes. The fertilizers include<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP), sulfur-coated urea, and liquid fertilizers. TVA improved the manufacturing processes for ammonium nitr<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ate and other products that help commercial producers provide efficient fertilizers to farmers worldwide<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">.<\/SPAN> TVA&#8217;s ammonium-granulation and bulk-blending technologies improve the efficiency of the manufacture of many mixed fertilizer grades.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">TVA generated most of the fluid fertilizer and dry bulk-blending technology used in the <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:country-region><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">United States<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> today<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. \u00abTVA technology fueled the sweeping advances of <\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">U.S.<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> farmers in food and fiber production in the 60s to 80s,\u00bb Shields says. \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Today, fertilizers are responsible for more than a third of total <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">U.S.<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> crop production<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. \u00abThe $57 billion return from a $41 million investment included about $49 billion from use of high-analysis fertilizers and $8 billion from process development and improvement. That&#8217;s a<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> benefit:cost ratio of more than $20 to $1<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u00abTVA followed promising new fertilizers from conception to production to national acceptance by farmers and the fertilizer industry,\u00bb Shields recalls. <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">\u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\">Its program was based on fundamental research, followed by process development and technology transfer<\/B><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">(\u2026.)<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: teal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Calls for New Fertilizer Research<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Dr. Norman Borlaug, 1970 Nobel Laureate, says, \u00abI am concerned about the state of the fertilizer industry itself. With the price of energy increasing, we need to find cheaper, more effective ways to nourish food crops<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. The price tag for increasing productivity in <\/SPAN><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Africa<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> will be quite high. <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">The fertilizer industry needs to do everything in its power to minimize that cost. Farmers are paying way too much for fertilizer products because we are transporting millions of tons of material that is not nutrient and because much of the nutrients in applied fertilizers are never used by the crop<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Nutrient losses to the environment are high with consequences for global warming and water pollution. \u00abWork should begin now on the next generation of fertilizer products using advanced techniques such as nanotechnology and molecular biology, especially in conjunction with plant genetics researc<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: teal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">h<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">&#8216;Smart&#8217; fertilizer products that will release nutrients only at the time and in the amount needed should be developed.<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">\u00bb Borlaug served on the IFDC Board of Directors from 1994 to 2003.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">\u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">The world needs a major research effort to improve the effectiveness of fertilizer production and use<\/SPAN><\/B>,\u00bb says Peter McPherson, President of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges (NASULGC) and current Chairman of the IFDC Board.<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">\u00abFertilizer is a commodity industry and it is unlikely the industry alone will undertake the research. <\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Some public investment is probably required.\u00bb <\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">During the U.N. Food Summit in June 2008 in <\/SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Rome<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, more than 180 world leaders addressed the <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">food crisis and stressed the urgent need \u00abto decisively step up investment in science and technology for food and agriculture<\/SPAN><\/B>.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: teal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">IFDC Facilities<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">\u00abThe need for <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">increased food is escalating<\/SPAN><\/B>, but <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">new agricultural technology<\/SPAN><\/B> is not keeping pace,\u00bb <\/SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Roy<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> says. \u00abAn effective research program to develop a new range of fertilizers should<SPAN style=\"COLOR: teal\"> <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\">b<\/B><\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">e a key element of any long-term strategy to alleviate the food crisis. \u00abMost fertilizer products used today were developed when energy seemed abundant and cheap<\/SPAN><\/B>.<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> But with rising prices we should develop a new generation of fertilizer products that use plant nutrients more efficiently. \u00abSuch innovations will require investments in research-but <\/SPAN><\/B>such costs would be miniscule compared to the benefits for humanity,\u00bb <\/SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Roy<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> says.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">\u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">IFDC is in a unique position to meet this challenge. We&#8217;re the world&#8217;s only agency with the necessary facilities and expertise<\/SPAN><\/B>. We have both the physical and human resources to do the job. IFDC has a complex of six pilot plants for research and<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> training in fertilizer development and production plus a highly qualified team of scientists and engineers. We also have the international contacts to build support for a new, vigorous fertilizer research and development program<\/SPAN><\/B>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">\u00abWe can pick up where TVA had to cease.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 20pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Casi nadie duda ya de que la revoluci\u00f3n verde basada en la maquinaria pesada y el uso abusivo de fertilizantes, gener\u00f3 una mejora de la producci\u00f3n agropecuaria, pero tambi\u00e9n una herencia dif\u00edcil de ser digerida por el medio ambiente. La poluci\u00f3n de suelos y aguas ha causado estragos, no solo en los ecosistemas \u201cagroindustriales, sino tambi\u00e9n en la biosfera en su conjunto, incluidos los oc\u00e9anos. Las enormes cantidades de f\u00f3sforo y especialmente nitr\u00f3geno han sido los responsables de las floraciones algales y los desiertos (puntos muertos) marinos que siguen apareciendo por doquier. Estos, al margen de un grave deterioro ambiental,\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[594,613,587,615,606,595],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101991"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101991"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101991\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134756,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101991\/revisions\/134756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}