{"id":103236,"date":"2008-10-11T06:57:00","date_gmt":"2008-10-11T06:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2008\/10\/11\/103236.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:49:29","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:49:29","slug":"agriculturas-tradicionales-versus-agricultura-industrial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2008\/10\/11\/103236","title":{"rendered":"Agriculturas Tradicionales versus Agricultura Industrial"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp; <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Cuando se hablaba de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la revoluci\u00f3n verde de los a\u00f1os sesenta<\/span><\/b>, siempre se coment\u00f3 que el <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">gran incremento<\/span><\/b> que gener\u00f3 en las <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">producciones agrarias,<\/span><\/b> favoreciendo el desarrollo de muchos pa\u00edses y paliando parte del hambre en el mundo. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a1No lo<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"> discuto! Las <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">consecuencias de aqu\u00e9l modelo de desarrollo<\/span><\/b> las sufrimos hoy en forma de una <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">pand\u00e9mica contaminaci\u00f3n y degradaci\u00f3n de suelos y aguas, enfermedades causadas por los agroqu\u00edmicos etc<\/span><\/b>. <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>Por estas razones, a uno de sus impulsores se le otorg\u00f3 el <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Premio N\u00f3bel<\/span><\/b>. Sin embargo, c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ada vez se descubren m\u00e1s pr\u00e1cticas tradicionales que ofrecen mejores prestaciones que la agricultura industrial<\/span><\/b>. Entendamos que<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> las ventajas a las que aludimos no siempre se estiman en ganancias monetarias a corto plazo<\/span><\/b>, que es lo que suele apreciarse en la econom\u00eda capitalista, y m\u00e1s aun hoy bajo los criterios de la \u201cbobalizaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica\u201d. Y ya estamos sufriendo las consecuencias esta \u00faltima forma que de proceder: \u201c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">una crisis mundial alimentaria y crediticia<\/span><\/b>\u201d que afecta ya no solo a la poblaci\u00f3n de los pa\u00edses m\u00e1s pobres sino al 99.99% de los habitantes del planeta. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Los economistas hablan de la importancia de la diversificaci\u00f3n de las inversiones con vistas a que el inversor corra menos riesgos. Sorprende que no se promueva el mismo patr\u00f3n en la agricultura mundial<\/span> (<\/b>pero a escala regional: <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">piensa en lo global y act\u00faa en lo local<\/span><\/b>). <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Anta\u00f1o, los policultivos cumpl\u00edan tal funci\u00f3n<\/span><\/b>. Empero la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">agricultura industrial<\/span><\/b> promovi\u00f3 el <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">monocultivo<\/span><\/b>, siempre <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">mucho m\u00e1s arriesgado para las poblaciones rurales<\/span><\/b> que las antiguas pr\u00e1cticas diversificantes.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>Y es que bajo la \u00f3ptica capitalista<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> la producci\u00f3n prima sobre cualquier otro aspecto agrario. Mal asunto<\/span><\/b>. Usted planta un monocultivo, surge una peste y todo se va al carajo<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">. El policultivo tiene muchas ventajas, produces menos, pero alcanzas una mayor estabilidad de los insumos familiares<\/span><\/b>, y en el peor de los casos <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">garantiza una econom\u00eda de subsistencia<\/span><\/b> casi aut\u00e1rquica, independiz\u00e1ndolas en parte de las veleidades del mercado. Se logra as\u00ed <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">una sostenibilidad de los recursos que emplean<\/span><\/b> (suelos, agua, aire). Hoy analizaremos<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> dos meros ejemplos, en los que cient\u00edficos, tras analizar las pr\u00e1cticas tradicionales agropecuarias tradiciones frente a las industriales detectan que las primeras son mucho mejores que las segundas<\/span><\/b>.<span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/o:p><\/span> <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 310px; height: 151px;\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/949\/o_Cafetqal%20Costarica.jpg\" width=\"331\" height=\"180\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 116px; height: 150px;\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/949\/o_Cafetal%20agroforest.jpg\" width=\"139\" height=\"193\"><\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0cm; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @page Section1 \t{size:595.3pt 841.9pt; \tmargin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm; \tmso-header-margin:35.4pt; \tmso-footer-margin:35.4pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0cm; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} -->  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">La frondosidad y biodiversidad de los cafetales <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">bajo un sistema agroforestal. Fuente: Google Images<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p>  <!--more--><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: green; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Cafetales tradicionales agroforestales frente a los industriales<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">El primer ejemplo proviene de los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">sistemas cafetaleros tradicionales de Latinoam\u00e9rica<\/span><\/b> frente a los que se propician en la actualidad. No soy experto en el tema, por lo que me remito al contenido de la noticia. Eso si, sobre<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> impacto de los sistemas agroforestales sobre el suelo<\/span><\/b> y el ambiente en general s\u00ed se un poco m\u00e1s. Al parecer, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">el cultivo tradicional del caf\u00e9 en Latinoam\u00e9rica se realiz\u00f3 bajo la sombra de una canopia forestal m\u00e1s o menos diversa en especies<\/span><\/b>. Sin embargo, esta c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">omenz\u00f3 a ser reemplazada por el monocultivo en aras de extraer mayor rendimiento<\/span><\/b>. Pues bien, las investigaciones sobre el tema, de las que abajo reproduzco en <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la primera nota de prensa<\/span><\/b> del bolet\u00edn <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Terradaily<\/span><\/b>, nos informa que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">las pr\u00e1cticas tradicionales mejoraban la resiliencia de los agroecosistemas cafetaleros frente a las fluctuaciones del clima<\/span><\/b> (ahora ya siempre se habla de cambio clim\u00e1tico, aunque sus beneficios son muy amplios y trascienden a este problema). De hecho, nos hablan tambi\u00e9n de su <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">mayor resistencia a las sequ\u00edas, tormentas, etc<\/span><\/b>. Del mismo modo, los autores del estudio se\u00f1alan que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">requieren menos abonado, pesticidas, herbicidas, etc<\/span><\/b>. En consecuencia se propicia, tanto una <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">disminuci\u00f3n de la contaminaci\u00f3n de suelos y aguas<\/span><\/b>, como tambi\u00e9n un <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">menor gasto pecuniario anual para sacar adelante la cosecha<\/span><\/b>. <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>Del mismo modo, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">los cafetales agroforestales mantienen una gran biodiversidad<\/span><\/b>, entre la que desde el punto de vista agron\u00f3mico deber\u00eda destacarse <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la supervivencia de enemigos y antagonistas naturales de las posibles plagas e infecciones<\/span><\/b> (<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">un agroecosistema mejor dotado en t\u00e9rminos eco-inmunol\u00f3gicos<\/span><\/b>). La noticia nos recuerda que una buena parte de los cafetales latinoamericanos no son sometidos a irrigaci\u00f3n, por lo que una mayor resistencia a la sequ\u00eda y olas de calor resulta ser un gran beneficio a largo plazo. Los bosques siempre han tamponado las fluctuaciones meteorol\u00f3gicas, all\u00ed y en cualquier parte. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Otra ventaja<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"> nada despreciable deriva de que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la arboleda act\u00faa como cortavientos, a la par que reduce tanto la evaporaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/b> del agua desde el suelo, como <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la transpiraci\u00f3n<\/span><\/b> de las plantas, por lo que son<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> m\u00e1s eficientes en el consumo de agua<\/span><\/b>. M\u00e1s aun, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ayudan a frenar la erosi\u00f3n en laderas pendientes. Ninguna de estas ventajas las atesora los nuevos modelos de producci\u00f3n<\/span><\/b>. Realmente podr\u00edamos resumir las ventajas de los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">modelos industriales<\/span><\/b> no agroforestales, parafraseando el refr\u00e1n: \u201c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">un poco m\u00e1s de beneficios econ\u00f3micos hoy, pero hambre asegurada para ma\u00f1ana<\/span><\/b>\u201d. <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>El estudio parece que se llev\u00f3 a cabo en el <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">sur de M\u00e9xico<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/949\/o_cafetal%20agroforestal2.PNG\" width=\"440\" height=\"443\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?pid=S1677-04202007000400014&amp;script=sci_arttext\"><font color=\"#0000a0\">Cafetal agroforestal Fuente: <o:p><\/o:p><\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"MsoHyperlink\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?pid=S1677-04202007000400014&amp;script=sci_arttext\"><font color=\"#0000a0\">Braz. J. Plant Physiol.&nbsp;vol.19&nbsp;no.4&nbsp;Londrina&nbsp;Oct.\/Dec.&nbsp;2007<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">No hac\u00eda falta ser un genio para llegar a tales consideraciones<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">. Ya os hablar\u00e9 en su momento de las ventajas de los <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/09\/30\/92581.aspx\"><font color=\"#0000a0\">sistemas agroforestales adehesados en Espa\u00f1a<\/font><\/a>, aunque ya os hice una breve introducci\u00f3n a los mismos <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/09\/30\/92581.aspx\"><font color=\"#0000a0\">en este post<\/font><\/a>. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">En Francia e Inglaterra ten\u00edan otros modelos<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> <\/span>(adaptados a los ambientes templados y no a los mediterr\u00e1neos)<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> denominados Bocages<\/span><\/b> en el primer pa\u00eds y <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">hedgerow<\/span><\/b> en el \u00faltimo. Los bocages eran sistemas agrosilvopastorales m\u00e1s sofisticados y de sumo inter\u00e9s, por cuanto <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">su estructura como la de las dehesas puede exportarse a otros pa\u00edses<\/span><\/b>. Pues bien, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ambos casi perecen por la misma raz\u00f3n: en aras a obtener una mayor producci\u00f3n se cortaron \u00e1rboles y matorrales que cercaban los campos<\/span><\/b>. Tal hecho fue una <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">pr\u00e1ctica com\u00fan en los a\u00f1os sesenta<\/span><\/b> (recordemos la ya aludida \u201crevoluci\u00f3n verde\u201d) de la que hablamos al principio de este post. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Bast\u00f3 un decenio para que al menos los franceses dieran marcha atr\u00e1s, al darse cuenta de las ventajas de mantener la foresta. En el Reino Unido aun se lamentan<\/span><\/b> de aquel destrozo ambiental que llev\u00f3 aparejada una <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">enorme p\u00e9rdida de productividad, mayores gastos en la producci\u00f3n y unos suelos contaminados de plaguicidas y polucionados por el nitr\u00f3geno y el f\u00f3sforo<\/span><\/b>.<span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: green; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Cultivo tradicional del algod\u00f3n frente a los modernos sistemas agroindustriales.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">La<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> segunda noticia <\/span><\/b>que exponemos (aparecida en<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> Sciencedaily<\/span><\/b>) deriva de estudios llevados acabo en <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">EE.UU<\/span><\/b>. acerca de las <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ventajas de los sistemas tradicionales de producir algod\u00f3n frente a los que se usan hoy en d\u00eda<\/span><\/b>. En esta ocasi\u00f3n ser\u00e9 un poco m\u00e1s breve, ya que el contenido es m\u00e1s tendencioso.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 437px; height: 288px;\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/949\/o_Cotton_fields.JPG\" width=\"460\" height=\"384\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><a href=\"http:\/\/rollinghills2007.blogspot.com\/\"><font color=\"#0000a0\">Cultivo de algod\u00f3n. Fuente: Rolling Hills<\/font><\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Se trata de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">un sistema de agricultura sostenible que ide\u00f3 un agr\u00f3nomo hace 110 a\u00f1os en Alabama y cuyo experimento aun se mantiene en pi\u00e9<\/span><\/b>. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Edaf\u00f3logos de la USDA han estudiado si era sostenible, comprobando que las calidades del suelo no se han deteriorado<\/span><\/b>. Se trataba de un <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">cultivo de algod\u00f3n no irrigado con cobertera invernal de leguminosas<\/span><\/b>. Bajo este sistema, se requiere mucho <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">menos nitr\u00f3geno<\/span><\/b> (quiz\u00e1s ninguno) para su fertilizaci\u00f3n, mientras que<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> el suelo se enriquece en materia org\u00e1nica, dando lugar a una mayor <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>producci\u00f3n agraria que sin estas pr\u00e1cticas. Actualmente la agroindustria ha incluido<\/span><\/b> variedades transg\u00e9nicas, laboreo m\u00ednimo, e irrigaci\u00f3n. Obviamente la producci\u00f3n actual es superior. Ahora bien, el agroecosistema consume mayores recursos h\u00eddricos y queda por mostrar si es sustentable. <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">No lo dud\u00e9is el policultivo y al mejoramiento natural de las propiedades del suelo da lugar a una agricultura m\u00e1s sustentable y \u201cestable\u201d y ambientalmente amigable que la industrial<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">. El tiempo dar\u00e1 y quitar\u00e9 razones. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Producir m\u00e1s no es la mejor soluci\u00f3n si acarrea riesgos serios e innecesarios<\/span><\/b>.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>Y os dejo con las noticias en suahili, claro est\u00e1.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/terradaily.xml\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><font color=\"#800080\" face=\"Times New Roman\">Green Coffee-Growing Practices Buffer Climate-Change Impacts<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">by Staff Writers; <\/span><st1:place><st1:city><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Ann Arbor<\/span><\/st1:city><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:state><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">MI<\/span><\/st1:state><\/st1:place><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> (SPX) <\/span><st1:date month=\"10\" day=\"2\" year=\"2008\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Oct 02, 2008<\/span><\/st1:date><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Chalk up<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> another environmental benefit for <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">shade-grown Latin American coffee<\/span><\/b>: <\/span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> of <\/span><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Michigan<\/span><\/st1:placename><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> researchers say the technique will provide<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> a buffer against the ravages of climate change in the coming decades<\/span><\/b>. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Over the last three decades, many Latin American coffee farmers have <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">abandoned traditional shade-growing techniques<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">, in which the plants are grown beneath a diverse canopy of trees. <\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">In an effort to increase production, much of the acreage has been converted to \u00ab<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\">sun coffee<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">,\u00bb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"> which involves thinning or removing the canopy. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">Shade-grown farms boost biodiversity by providing a haven for birds and other animals. They also <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\">require far less synthetic fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides than sun-coffee plantations<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">In the October edition of the <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">journal BioScience<\/span><\/b>, three U-M researchers say <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">shade-growing also shields coffee plants during extreme weather events, such as droughts and severe storms. <\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">Climate models predict that extreme weather events will become increasingly common in the coming decades<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">, as the levels of heat-trapping carbon dioxide gas continue to mount. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">The U-M scientists <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">warn Latin American farmers of the risks tied to \u00abcoffee-intensification programs\u00bb&#8212;a package of technologies that includes the thinning of canopies and the use of high-yield coffee strains that grow best in direct sunlight-<\/span><\/b>&#8211;and urge them to consider the greener alternative: shade-grown coffee. <\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abThis is a warning against the continuation of this trend toward more intensive systems,<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00bb said Ivette Perfecto of the U-M School of Natural Resources and Environment, one of the authors. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u00ab<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: teal;\">Shaded coffee is ideal because it will buffer the system from climate change while protecting biodiversity<\/span><\/b>.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">Perfecto has studied biodiversity in Latin American coffee plantations for 20 years<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The lead author of the BioScience paper is Brenda Lin, whose 2006 U-M doctoral dissertation examined <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">microclimate variability under different shade conditions<\/span><\/b> at Mexican coffee plantations. Lin is currently a Science and Technology Policy Fellow with the American Association for the Advancement of Science in <\/span><st1:place><st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Washington<\/span><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, <\/span><st1:state><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">D.C.<\/span><\/st1:state><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> The other author of the BioScience paper is John Vandermeer of the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">The livelihoods of more than 100 million people worldwide are tied to coffee production. <\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">In Latin America, <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\">most coffee farms lack irrigation<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">&#8212;relying solely on rainwater&#8212;which makes them especially vulnerable to<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\"> drought and heat waves<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">Shade trees help dampen the effects of drought and heat waves by <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\">maintaining a cool, moist microclimate beneath the canopy<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The optimal temperature range for growing common Arabica coffee is 64 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">Shade trees also act as windbreaks during storms and help reduce runoff and erosion<\/span><\/b>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Lin&#8217;s work in <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">southern Mexico<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> showed that shady farms h<\/span><span style=\"color: green;\">ave greater water availability than sunny farms<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">, due in part to l<\/span><span style=\"color: green;\">ower evaporation rates from the coffee plants and soils<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">. More shade also reduced peak temperatures between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., when southern Mexican coffee plants experience the greatest heat stress<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u00abThese two trends&#8212;<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">increasing agricultural intensification and the trend toward more frequent extreme-weather events&#8212;will work in concert to increase farmer vulnerability<\/span><\/b>,\u00bb Lin said. \u00abWe should take advantage of the <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">services the ecosystems naturally provide<\/span><\/b>, and use them to protect farmers&#8217; livelihoods.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: black; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: black; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2008\/09\/080929123945.htm\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><font size=\"3\"><font color=\"#800080\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>Experiment Demonstrates 110 Years Of Sustainable Agriculture<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/span><\/a><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\">ScienceDaily <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">(Oct. 1, 2008) \u2014 A plot of land on the campus of Auburn University shows that 110 years of sustainable farming practices can produce similar cotton crops to those using other methods. &nbsp;<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">In 1896, Professor J.F. Duggar<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> (now Auburn University) <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">started an experiment to test <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">his theories that sustainable cotton production<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> was possible on <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">Alabama soil<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">s if growers would use<\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\"> crop rotation and include winter legumes<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> (clovers and\/or vetch) to p<\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">rotect the soil from winter erosion<\/span><\/b>.&nbsp;<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Today, his experiment <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">on the campus of <\/span><\/b><\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Auburn<\/span><\/b><\/st1:placename><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/b><st1:placetype><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/b><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> is the <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">oldest, continuous cotton experiment in the world <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">and the third oldest field crop experiment in the <\/span><\/b><st1:country-region><st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">United States<\/span><\/b><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> on the same site<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. The experiment, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">known as \u201cthe Old Rotation,<\/span><\/b>\u201d has continued with only slight modifications in treatments and was placed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1988. Researchers at <\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Auburn<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and at<span style=\"color: teal;\"> <b style=\"\">USDA-Soil Dynamics Laboratory<\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> in Auburn, AL<\/span><\/b>, have prepared the first ever comprehensive research publication covering the entire <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">110-yr history of this experiment<\/span><\/b>.&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">It was <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">published in the September-October issue of <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">Agronomy Journal<\/span><\/b>, and provides insight into issues both past and present that effect sustainable crop production in the South.&nbsp;<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The thirteen plots in the <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Old Rotation include<\/span><\/b> <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: teal;\">(i)<\/span><\/b> continuous cotton, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: teal;\">(ii)<\/span><\/b> a 2-yr rotation of cotton with corn, and <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: teal;\">(iii)<\/span><\/b> a 3-year rotation of cotton-corn-wheat-soybean.&nbsp; <\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">These crop rotations include treatments with and without winter legumes<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"> (usually crimson clover and\/or vetch)<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> and with and without <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">fertilizer nitrogen<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: teal;\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">After more than 110 years<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">, the Old Rotation continues to document the long-term effects of crop rotation and winter legumes on cotton production in the Deep South.&nbsp; It provides growers, students, and faculty with a living demonstration of fundamental agronomic practices that result in sustainable crop production.&nbsp; <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Long-term yields indicate that <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">winter legumes are as effective as nitrogen fertilizer<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> in producing non-irrigated<\/span><\/b>, 10-yr average cotton yields of 1,100 pounds lint per acre. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Winter legumes and crop rotations contribute to <\/span><span style=\"color: teal;\">increased soil organic matter.&nbsp; Higher soil organic matter results in higher crop yields<\/span><\/b>.&nbsp;<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">In 1997, the Old Rotation entered a new era of agricultural production where boll weevil eradication, <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">genetically modified crops<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, and <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">conservation tillage almost eliminated the need for the plow and pesticides<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.&nbsp; <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\">In 2003, <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: teal; font-family: Arial;\">irrigation<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: Arial;\"> was added to half of each plot.&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"> <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Yields of cotton, corn, wheat and soybean continue to increase far beyond the yields of Professor Duggar\u2019s generation.&nbsp; Since initiating conservation tillage practices in 1997, all-time, non-irrigated record yields have been made on all the crops grown on the Old Rotation<\/span><\/b>:&nbsp; 1,710 pounds cotton lint per acre in 2006, 95 bushels wheat per acre in 2001, 236 bushels corn per acre in 1999, and 67 bushels of double-cropped soybean per acre in 1997 after wheat.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Cuando se hablaba de la revoluci\u00f3n verde de los a\u00f1os sesenta, siempre se coment\u00f3 que el gran incremento que gener\u00f3 en las producciones agrarias, favoreciendo el desarrollo de muchos pa\u00edses y paliando parte del hambre en el mundo. \u00a1No lo discuto! Las consecuencias de aqu\u00e9l modelo de desarrollo las sufrimos hoy en forma de una pand\u00e9mica contaminaci\u00f3n y degradaci\u00f3n de suelos y aguas, enfermedades causadas por los agroqu\u00edmicos etc. &nbsp;Por estas razones, a uno de sus impulsores se le otorg\u00f3 el Premio N\u00f3bel. Sin embargo, cada vez se descubren m\u00e1s pr\u00e1cticas tradicionales que ofrecen mejores prestaciones que la agricultura\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[590,594,599,613,615,593,585,595],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103236"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103236"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134771,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103236\/revisions\/134771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103236"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}