{"id":122470,"date":"2009-07-29T12:08:00","date_gmt":"2009-07-29T12:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2009\/07\/29\/122470.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:53:06","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:53:06","slug":"los-suelos-primigenios-del-precambrico-cambiaron-la-evolucion-de-la-vida-sobre-la-tierra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2009\/07\/29\/122470","title":{"rendered":"Los Suelos Primigenios del Prec\u00e1mbrico Cambiaron la Evoluci\u00f3n de la Vida sobre la Tierra"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Investigaciones aparecidas este mes de julio de 2009 nos informan que la vida tal como la conocemos se origino gracias a la acci\u00f3n sobre la atm\u00f3sfera de unos suelos primigenios \u00f3rgano-minerales constituidos por bacterias fotosint\u00e9ticas que formaron un tapiz verde sobre la faz de la Tierra emergida. Tal manto de verdor dio lugar a un cambio de la composici\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica, permitiendo la emergencia de vida multicelular compleja y la g\u00e9nesis de las rocas calizas. Este nuevo escenario cambia radicalmente nuestros conocimientos sobre la evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica, litol\u00f3gica y edafol\u00f3gica de nuestro planeta.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><IMG src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/395\/o_Eurekaalert.jpg\" width=443 height=285><\/SPAN><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><A href=\"http:\/\/asunews.asu.edu\/files\/images\/Beck%20spring%20dolomite_0.jpg\"><FONT color=#800080>Caption: This is a late Precambrian carbonate outcropping at <o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><A href=\"http:\/\/asunews.asu.edu\/files\/images\/Beck%20spring%20dolomite_0.jpg\"><FONT color=#800080>south end of Death Valley, California. Carbon isotopes in these<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><A href=\"http:\/\/asunews.asu.edu\/files\/images\/Beck%20spring%20dolomite_0.jpg\"><FONT color=#800080>layers bear evidence of the first extensive greening of the Earth.<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><A href=\"http:\/\/asunews.asu.edu\/files\/images\/Beck%20spring%20dolomite_0.jpg\"><FONT color=#800080>Credit: L.P. Knauth, Arizona State University<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\">Sinceramente, se trata de esas noticias que uno desear\u00eda ofrecer diariamente en este blog. Desde ayer ando algo excitado (mentalmente, se sobreentiende). Y no es para menos, ya que si <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">tal descubrimiento cambia la visi\u00f3n que atesoramos sobre la evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica, geol\u00f3gica y edafol\u00f3gica<\/span><\/b>, deber\u00eda elevar la edafosfera a cotas de prestigio que con anterioridad eran impensables. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 435px; height: 364px;\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/395\/o_stromatolites%20WestWood%20Collaege.jpg\" width=\"430\" height=\"364\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/paleontology.edwardtbabinski.us\/vendian.html\"><font color=\"#800080\">Estromatolitos: Fuente Westwood College<\/font><\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\">Los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">estromatolitos son la primera forma de vida de la que tenemos testigos f\u00f3siles<\/span><\/b>. Si <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la Tierra inici\u00f3 su andadura c\u00f3smica hace 4.500 millones de a\u00f1os, las cianobacterias<\/span><\/b> que dan lugar a las estructuras minerales mencionadas, datan <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">al menos de unos 3.400 millones de a\u00f1os<\/span><\/b>. Hablamos ya de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">formas fotosint\u00e9ticas que aun viven<\/span><\/b> en ciertos ambientes costeros y lagunares. Hasta hace unos d\u00edas, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">se pensaba que gran parte de los primeros estadios de la evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica se generaron en los oc\u00e9anos primigenios<\/span><\/b>. Y as\u00ed se sigue postulando, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">aunque ciertos investigadores postulan que la vida pudieran haberse generado en los regolitos o suelos minerales<\/span><\/b>. Sin embargo, la<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> aparici\u00f3n de la vida multicelular compleja <\/span><\/b>comenz\u00f3 a surgir hace, m\u00e1s o menos, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">540 millones de a\u00f1os<\/span><\/b>. Hablamos de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la denominada<\/span><\/b> <a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fauna_de_Ediacara\"><font color=\"#800080\">Fauna de Ediacara<\/font><\/a>. Los cient\u00edficos han especulado desde hace muchos a\u00f1os cuales fueron las causas que dieron lugar a tal <a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Explosi%C3%B3n%20c%C3%A1mbrica\">explosi\u00f3n c\u00e1mbrica<\/a>. Ahora resulta que<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: green;\">el disparador de aqu\u00e9l cambio brusco en el registro f\u00f3sil, fue propiciado por unos suelos \u00f3rgano-minerales hasta ahora desconocidos<\/span><\/b>. Al menos nuevas investigaciones as\u00ed lo afirman. Se trataba de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">suelos recubiertos por un tapiz de bacterias fotosint\u00e9ticas que se remontan a unos 700 millones de a\u00f1os<\/span><\/b>, es decir, 140 (<a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neoproterozoico\"><font color=\"#800080\">Neoproterozoico<\/font><\/a>) antes de la aparici\u00f3n de la vida compleja que se supone que invadi\u00f3 posteriormente los continentes. Al parecer, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">esta edafosfera primordial tambi\u00e9n propici\u00f3 la expansi\u00f3n de las rocas calizas<\/span><\/b> \u201c<i style=\"\">sensu lato<\/i>\u201d. En consecuencia, l<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">a litosfera tambi\u00e9n cambio <\/span><\/b>en aqu\u00e9l <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">supercontinente <\/span><\/b>denominado <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Ventia<\/span><\/b> (del que a penas tenemos indicios), <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">por la acci\u00f3n de sus suelos<\/span><\/b>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-size: 10pt;\">Hasta ese instante<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"> geol\u00f3gico, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la atm\u00f3sfera era muy rica en anh\u00eddrido carb\u00f3nico y pobre en oxigeno. Sin embargo, el mencionado manto verde propici\u00f3 el secuestro de carbono por los suelos <\/span><\/b>(disminuci\u00f3n del efecto de invernadero), <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">enriqueci\u00e9ndose la atm\u00f3sfera de O<\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-size: 8pt;\">2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\">. Tal cambio clim\u00e1tico, seg\u00fan los autores del estudio, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">dispar\u00f3 la explosi\u00f3n c\u00e1mbrica<\/span><\/b> y su fauna asociada de Ediacara (invertebrados vermiformes de formas aplanadas, etc.). <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">A partir de all\u00ed, la vida comenz\u00f3 a generar morfolog\u00edas paulatinamente m\u00e1s complejas<\/span><\/b>. Se trata de un descubrimiento que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">cambia nuestra concepci\u00f3n de la historia de la Tierra<\/span><\/b>. Y si es \u201cbrutal\u201d para la ciencia, aun m\u00e1s lo es en el caso de la<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> edafolog\u00eda<\/span><\/b>. <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 434px; height: 418px;\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/395\/o_Science.jpg\" width=\"427\" height=\"418\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; color: blue; font-size: 8pt;\">Evoluci\u00f3n de la Vida en el contesto de la biosfera. Fuente: Science<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-size: 10pt;\">Las fechas<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"> que nos indican los autores del estudio, pertenecientes a la Universidad Estatal de Arizona, <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>en una Publicaci\u00f3n de<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> Nature<\/span><\/b>, se encuentran ubicadas en lo que hasta ahora se conoc\u00eda como, el <a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%AD%C2%ADodo_Criog%C3%A9nico\">Periodo Criog\u00e9nico<\/a> <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">del Neoproterozoico<\/span><\/b>. Se supone que durante el mismo la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Tierra padeci\u00f3 uno o dos periodos<\/span><\/b> enormemente fr\u00edos, en la que los glaciares invadieron casi todo el Planeta. <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>Se trata de los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">episodios conocidos por<\/span><\/b> \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tierra_bola_de_nieve\"><font color=\"#800080\">Bola de Nieve<\/font><\/a>\u201d. Bien pudiera haber sucedido que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">el secuestro de carbono por el suelo en forma org\u00e1nica e inorg\u00e1nica<\/span><\/b> (<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">fuera la causante de aquellos g\u00e9lidos tiempos), al secuestrar carbono atmosf\u00e9rico y disminuir dr\u00e1sticamente el efecto de invernadero,<\/span><\/b> inyectando a su vez ox\u00edgeno. Ya veremos si es as\u00ed o no. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\">Abajo os reproduzco la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">noticia original aparecida en Terrdaily<\/span><\/b>, que intent\u00e9 traducir ayer como pude, por cuanto me parece bastante confusa (el ingl\u00e9s coloquial americano es suahili para los que aprendimos con el de UK). Hoy he encontrado <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">un comentario m\u00e1s claro y conciso en Sofpedia<\/span><\/b>, algunos de cuyos fragmentos incluyo al final del post. Al margen de los detalles isot\u00f3picos, se nos informa de c\u00f3mo <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">el regolito y sus aguas subterr\u00e1neas comenzaron a transformarse por la acci\u00f3n de la vida, dando lugar a ingentes cantidades de carbonatos<\/span><\/b>. Por lo tanto, podemos tambi\u00e9n se\u00f1alar que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">se trata de las primeras evidencias de la aparici\u00f3n de ciclos biogeoqu\u00edmicos <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b>(que no geoqu\u00edmicos) <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">en la Tierra emergida<\/span><\/b>. Pido disculpas por la traducci\u00f3n tan prosaica que realic\u00e9. Sin embargo, las noticias deben difundirse con rapidez y este post parece ser la primera nota (en este caso en forma de post) aparecida en lengua espa\u00f1ola, por cuanto no he detectado ninguna otra en la Web (a no ser que sea minutos antes de colgar el post). <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>Bueno, pues ah\u00ed vamos para los que deseen profundizar un poco m\u00e1s. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/Explosive_Growth_Of_Life_On_Earth_Fueled_By_Early_Greening_Of_Planet_999.html\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><font color=\"#800080\">Explosive Growth Of Life On Earth Fueled By Early Greening Of Planet<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">by Staff Writers; <\/span><st1:place><st1:city><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Tempe<\/span><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:state><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">AZ<\/span><\/st1:state><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> (SPX) <\/span><st1:date month=\"7\" day=\"14\" year=\"2009\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Jul 14, 2009<\/span><\/st1:date><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><span style=\"color: navy;\">Earth&#8217;s 4.5-billion-year history is filled with several turning points when temperatures changed dramatically, asteroids bombarded the planet and life forms came and disappeared. But one of the biggest moments in Earth&#8217;s lifetime is the Cambrian explosion of life, roughly 540 million years ago, when complex, multicellular life burst out all over the planet. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-size: 9pt;\">Tierra desde en sus m\u00e1s de 4.5 mil millones de a\u00f1os de historia se encuentra repleta de puntos de inflexi\u00f3n<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"> (o de no retorno) debido a cambios dr\u00e1sticos de su temperatura, bombardeo de asteroides. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">La vida que albergaba hasta aquellos momentos desapareci\u00f3 en gran medida para volver a comenzar la colonizaci\u00f3n de la geosfera. Pero uno de los momentos culminantes de le evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica<\/span><\/b> es conocido como la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">\u201cexplosi\u00f3n c\u00e1mbrica\u201d<\/span><\/b>, acaecida hace aproximadamente 540 millones de a\u00f1os atr\u00e1s, cuando los complejos, multicelulares se esparcieron por <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>todo el planeta. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">While scientists can pinpoint this pivotal period as leading to life as we know it today, it is not completely understood what caused the Cambrian explosion of life. Now, researchers led by Arizona State University geologist L. Paul Knauth believe they have found the trigger for the Cambrian explosion. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><br \/>Mientras que los cient\u00edficos pueden identificar este per\u00edodo como el hito fundamental a la vida tal como la conocemos hoy, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">aun no se comprende plenamente el proceso que caus\u00f3 la explosi\u00f3n cambrica<\/span><\/b>. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">En una publicaci\u00f3n reciente<\/span><\/b>, investigadores liderados por el ge\u00f3logo de la Universidad Estatal de Arizona L. Paul Knauth <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">creen haber encontrado el detonante de la explosi\u00f3n C\u00e1mbrico<\/span><\/b>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><span style=\"color: navy;\">It was a massive greening of the planet by non-vascular plants, or primitive ground huggers, as Knauth calls them. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">This period, roughly 700 million years ago virtually set the table for the later explosion of life through the development of early soil that sequestered carbon, led to the build up of oxygen and allowed higher life forms to evolve.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">Se trata de una<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> masiva invasi\u00f3n del planeta por parte de plantas no vasculares, o primitivos terrenos (suelos) huggers<\/span><\/b>, como los llama Knauth. Durante este per\u00edodo,<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> hace 700 millones de a\u00f1os<\/span><\/b>, se sentaron las<span style=\"color: green;\"> <b style=\"\">bases para una ulterior explosi\u00f3n y desarrollo de los primeros suelos capaces de secuestrar carbono, es decir organo-minerales<\/b><\/span>, iniciando la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">liberaci\u00f3n de ox\u00edgeno <\/span><\/b>que condicion\u00f3 la ulterior evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica de vidas m\u00e1s complejas.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Knauth and co-author Martin Kennedy, of the <\/span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> of <\/span><st1:placename><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">California<\/span><\/st1:placename><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Riverside<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, report their findings in the July 8 advanced on-line version of Nature. Their paper, \u00ab<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/pdf\/nature08213.pdf\"><font color=\"#800080\">The Precambrian greening of Earth<\/font><\/a><span style=\"color: navy;\">,\u00bb presents an alternative view of published data on thousands of analyses of carbon isotopes found in limestone that formed in the Neoproterozoic period, the time interval just prior to the Cambrian explosion. \u00abAn explosive and previously unrecognized greening of the Earth occurred toward the end of the Precambrian and was an important trigger for the Cambrian explosion of life,\u00bb said Knauth, a professor in <\/span><\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Arizona<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">State<\/span><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">&#8216;s <\/span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">School<\/span><\/st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> of <\/span><st1:placename><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Earth<\/span><\/st1:placename><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and Space Exploration. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">Knauth y coautor Martin Kennedy, de la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Universidad de California, Riverside<\/span><\/b>, informaron de sus pesquisas el 8 de julio, en la versi\u00f3n on-line de la Revista Nature. Tal Art\u00edculo lleva por t\u00edtulo (traducido al espa\u00f1ol castellano): <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">\u201cEcolog\u00eda de la Tierra durante el Prec\u00e1mbrico<\/span><\/b>,\u00bb. En este manuscrito se muestra una visi\u00f3n alternativa de los datos publicados en miles de an\u00e1lisis de is\u00f3topos del carbono inorg\u00e1nico de rocas calizas del per\u00edodo <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Neoproterozoico, el intervalo de tiempo previo a la explosi\u00f3n C\u00e1mbrico<\/span><\/b>. \u00ab<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Una explosiva y desconocida fase ecol\u00f3gica del planeta tuvo lugar hacia finales del Prec\u00e1mbrico, que actu\u00f3 como detonante de la explosi\u00f3n del C\u00e1mbrica<\/span><\/b>, dijo Knauth, profesor en la Escuela del Estado de Arizona de la Tierra y Exploraci\u00f3n Espacial.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abDuring this period, Earth became extensively occupied by photosynthesizing organisms,\u00bb he added. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">\u00abThe greening was a key element in transforming the Precambrian world &#8211; which featured low oxygen levels and simple, bacteria dominant life forms &#8211; into the kind of world we have today with abundant oxygen and higher forms of plant and animal life.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: green; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-size: 9pt;\">\u00abDurante este per\u00edodo, la Tierra lleg\u00f3 a ser extensamente ocupada por los organismos fotosint\u00e9ticos<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">\u00ab, a\u00f1adi\u00f3. \u00abEl verdor resulta ser un elemento clave para la transformaci\u00f3n prec\u00e1mbrica mundo &#8211; que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">trasform\u00f3 un ambiente con bajos niveles de ox\u00edgeno, y formas de vida simples de tipo bacteriano &#8211; en la clase de naturaleza actual:<\/span><\/b> con abundante ox\u00edgeno y de formas superiores de vida vegetal y animal\u00bb. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><br style=\"\"><br style=\"\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: teal; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Knauth calls the work \u00abisotope geology of carbonates 101.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">In order to understand what happened on Earth such a long time ago, researchers have studied the isotopic composition of limestone that formed during that period. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">Researchers have long studied these rocks, but Knauth said many focused only on the carbon isotopes of Neoproterozoic limestones. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: green; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: teal; font-size: 9pt;\">Knauth pide la obra \u00abgeolog\u00eda isot\u00f3pica de los carbonatos 101.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">Con vistas a comprender lo que sucedi\u00f3 en la Tierra tanto tiempo atr\u00e1s, los investigadores han <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">estudiado la composici\u00f3n isot\u00f3pica de las calizas que se formaron durante ese per\u00edodo<\/span><\/b>. Numerosos investigadores abordaron con anterioridad este tipo de rocas, pero centr\u00e1ndose \u00fanicamente, dijo Knauth, en los is\u00f3topos de carbono de las calizas del Neoproterozoico.<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: green; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: teal; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Knauth and Kennedy&#8217;s study looked at a bigger picture<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abThere are three atoms of oxygen for every atom of carbon in limestone,\u00bb Knauth says. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 9pt;\">\u00abWe looked at the oxygen isotopes as well, which allowed us to see that the peculiar carbon isotope signature previously interpreted in terms of catastrophes was always associated with intrusions of coastal ground waters during the burial transformation of initial limestone muds into rock. It&#8217;s the same as we see in limestones forming today.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: green; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: teal; font-size: 9pt;\">Knauth Kennedy y estudio de una imagen mayor <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">\u00abExisten tres \u00e1tomos de ox\u00edgeno por cada \u00e1tomo de carbono en las calizas,\u00bb dice Knauth. \u00abAnalizamos tambi\u00e9n los is\u00f3topos de ox\u00edgeno, lo cual nos permiti\u00f3 ver que la peculiar firma de is\u00f3topos de carbono previamente interpretados en t\u00e9rminos de cat\u00e1strofes asociadas a la intrusi\u00f3n de las <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">aguas subterr\u00e1neas<\/span><\/b> <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">costeras durante<\/span><\/b> la transformaci\u00f3n inicial por enterramiento de los lodos iniciales de fangos calc\u00e1reos. Esto equivaldr\u00eda a observar como se generan tales rocas calizas hoy en d\u00eda\u201d.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><span style=\"\"><\/span><br \/><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: teal; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Brave new world<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">By gathering all of these published measurements and carefully plotting carbon isotopic data against oxygen isotopic data, a process Knauth said took three years, the researchers began to formulate a very different type of scenario for what led to complex life on Earth. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 9pt;\">Rather than a world subject to periods of life-altering catastrophes, they began to see a world that first greened up with primitive plants. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abThe greening of Earth made soils which sequestered carbon and allowed oxygen to rise and get dissolved into sea water,\u00bb Knauth explained. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 9pt;\">\u00abEarly animals would have loved breathing it as they expanded throughout the ocean of this new world.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: teal; font-size: 9pt;\">El Nuevo mundo <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">Al reunir todas estas mediciones publicadas con anterioridad y trazar cuidadosamente los datos isot\u00f3picos de carbono frente a los de de ox\u00edgeno, un proceso que seg\u00fan Knauth llevo tres a\u00f1os de trabajo, los investigadores comenzaron a<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> formular un nuevo y diferente escenario para el surgimiento de la vida compleja. M\u00e1s que un escenario en el que alternaban periodos de estabilidad y cat\u00e1strofes<\/span><\/b>, (como se supon\u00eda) comprendieron que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">primero se gener\u00f3 un manto verde compuesto con plantas primitivas. De la interacci\u00f3n de este manto verde primordial con las rocas surgieron los primeros suelos \u00f3rgano-minerales capaces de secuestrar ingentes cantidades de carbono y liberar masivamente oxigeno que se disolvi\u00f3 en las aguas del mar<\/span><\/b>, explica Knauth. \u00abLos primeros animales comenzaron a respirar esta \u00faltimo elemento, expandi\u00e9ndose por todos los oc\u00e9anos del nuevo mundo\u00bb. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">A key element to this scenario is not so much what the researchers saw in the data, but what was missing. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">When they plotted the data for various areas from which it was derived they kept noticing an area on the plots that contained little or no data. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">They dubbed it the \u00abforbidden zone.\u00bb \u00abIf previous interpretations of carbon isotope data were correct, there would be no forbidden zone on these cross plots,\u00bb Knauth said. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">\u00abThe forbidden zone would be full of Neoproterozoic data.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">Un elemento clave de este escenario no es tanto lo que los investigadores vieron en los datos, sino de lo que no aparec\u00eda. Cuando los autores trazaron (dibujaron) los gr\u00e1ficos con los datos procedentes de las distintas regiones geogr\u00e1ficas detectaron lagunas. En cuenta pensaron si aquellas ultimas daban cuenta de interpretaciones isot\u00f3picas incorrectas, ya que de ser adecuadas no deb\u00edan aparecer las lagunas mentadas, dijo Knauth. \u00abLa zona prohibida (con lagunas) deb\u00eda estar repleta de datos del Neoproterozoico.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abThese zones show that the isotopic fingerprints in limestone we see today started in the late Precambrian and must have inv<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">olved the simultaneous influx of rain water that fell on vegetated areas, infiltrated into coastal ground waters and mixed with marine pore fluids. During sea level drops, these coastal mixing zones are dragged over vast geographic regions of the flooded continents of the Neoproterozoic,\u00bb Knauth said. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abVast areas of limestone can form in these mixed pore fluids.\u00bb All of which points to an environmental trigger of the Cambrian explosion of life. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\">\u00ab<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Estas zonas muestran que las huellas dactilares isot\u00f3picas de la piedra caliza que vemos comenzaron en el Prec\u00e1mbrico tard\u00edo, debi\u00e9ndose haberse constituido por el influjo simult\u00e1neo del agua precipitada sobre \u00e1reas vegetadas, que a la postre terminaron por descender a los acu\u00edferos costeros, mezcl\u00e1ndose con las salobres en su matriz porosa<\/span><\/b>. Durante las bajadas del nivel del mar, las \u00e1reas previamente mentadas se d<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ispersaron a lo largo de amplias regiones geogr\u00e1ficas de los continentes inundados (mojados) del Neoproterozoico<\/span><\/b>, dijo Knauth. \u00ab<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">Enormes extensiones de piedra caliza <\/span><\/b>se formaron as\u00ed en la matriz de poros aludida. Y como corolario <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">dispararon la explosi\u00f3n c\u00e1mbrica de la vida<\/span><\/b>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\">\u00abOur work presents a simple, alternative view of the thousands of carbon isotope measurements that had been taken as evidence of geochemical catastrophes in the ocean,\u00bb Knauth explained. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abIt requires that there was an explosive greening of Earth&#8217;s land surfaces with pioneer vegetation several hundred million years prior to the evolution of vascular plants, but it explains how a massive increase in Earth&#8217;s oxygen could happen, which has been long postulated as necessary for animals to evolve big time.\u00bb \u00abThe isotopes are screaming that this happened in the Neoproterozoic,\u00bb he added.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><br \/>\u00abNuestro trabajo presenta de forma sencilla <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">un escenario alternativo y novedoso a la luz de las miles de mediciones de is\u00f3topos de carbono, y que con anterioridad fueron tomados como evidencias de cat\u00e1strofes geoqu\u00edmicas oce\u00e1nicas<\/span><\/b>, explic\u00f3 Knauth. \u00abTal escenario r<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">equiere la presencia previa de un manto verde sobre la superficie emergida constituido por una vegetaci\u00f3n pionera que realiz\u00f3 su trabajo durante cientos de millones de a\u00f1os con anterioridad al origen de las plantas vasculares, explinado s su vez como acaeci\u00f3 el masivo incremento de ox\u00edgeno considerado necesario para le evoluci\u00f3n de los animales a lo largo del tiempo<\/span><\/b>\u00ab. \u00abLos is\u00f3topos est\u00e1n gritando que esto ocurri\u00f3 en el Neoproterozoico\u00bb, a\u00f1adi\u00f3. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><br \/><b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 153, 102);\">Related Links<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.asu.edu\/news\"><font color=\"#800080\">Arizona State University<\/font><\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/news.softpedia.com\/news\/Primitive-Plants-Led-to-the-Cambrian-039-Explosion-of-Life-039-116310.shtml\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><font color=\"#800080\">Version en softpedia<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Since <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">our planet was first created some 4.5 billion years ago<\/span><\/b>, numerous things had to fall in place for life to appear. And when it did, it apparently not only spread, but broke out with incredible power and energy. Of course,<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> there were hitches along the road, some of them major (five clearly established extinction events), some smaller (prolonged eruptions, ice ages), and life almost didn&#8217;t make it at times, but evolution could not be stopped<\/span><\/b>. Now, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">researchers have managed to identify the moment when it all started<\/span><\/b>, as well as the main factor that allowed for life to blossom on our world.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Roughly 540 million years ago, researchers determined that life in its multicellular form simply broke over all barriers, and spread around the planet<\/span><\/b>, setting the basis for the emergence of more<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> complex species, such as <\/span><\/b>fish, which eventually led to the appearance of land mammals, dinosaurs, and, finally, early humans. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">While scientists have known this for a while, the trigger behind this \u201coutburst\u201d was a matter of speculation until recently<\/span><\/b>, when Geologist L. Paul Knauth of the <\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Arizona<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">State<\/span><\/st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> came up with a possible answer.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">According to the expert, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">primitive ground huggers, as in non-vascular plants, were the organisms responsible for allowing life to spread from one end of the Vendian supercontinent to the other. \u201cAn explosive and previously unrecognized greening of the Earth occurred toward the end of the Precambrian and was an important trigger for the Cambrian explosion of life<\/span><\/b>,\u201d the expert explains. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">\u201cDuring this period, Earth became extensively occupied by photosynthesizing organisms<\/span><\/b>. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">The greening was a key element in transforming the Precambrian world<\/span><\/b> \u2013 which featured <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">low oxygen levels and simple, bacteria dominant life forms<\/span><\/b> \u2013 into the kind of world we have today with abundant oxygen and higher forms of plant and animal life,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n<p>(\u2026\u2026) <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/paleontology.edwardtbabinski.us\/vendian.html\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><font color=\"#800080\">Estromatolitos: Fuente Westwood College<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: justify;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"border-style: solid none none; border-color: white -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt medium medium; padding: 0pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-left: 6.1pt; margin-right: 0pt;\">\n<h2 style=\"border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;\" lang=\"EN\">The late Precambrian greening of the Earth (Nature)<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;\" class=\"NormalWeb50\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana; color: black; font-size: 9pt;\" lang=\"EN\">L. Paul Knauth<sup><a title=\"affiliated with \" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/pdf\/nature08213.pdf#a1#a1\">1<\/a><\/sup> &amp; Martin J. Kennedy<sup><a title=\"affiliated with \" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/pdf\/nature08213.pdf#a2#a2\">2<\/a><\/sup><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: center;\" class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-size: 8pt;\">School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404, USA<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0pt; text-align: center;\" class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-size: 8pt;\">Department of Earth Science, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92557, USA<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Investigaciones aparecidas este mes de julio de 2009 nos informan que la vida tal como la conocemos se origino gracias a la acci\u00f3n sobre la atm\u00f3sfera de unos suelos primigenios \u00f3rgano-minerales constituidos por bacterias fotosint\u00e9ticas que formaron un tapiz verde sobre la faz de la Tierra emergida. Tal manto de verdor dio lugar a un cambio de la composici\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica, permitiendo la emergencia de vida multicelular compleja y la g\u00e9nesis de las rocas calizas. Este nuevo escenario cambia radicalmente nuestros conocimientos sobre la evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica, litol\u00f3gica y edafol\u00f3gica de nuestro planeta. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Caption: This is a late Precambrian\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[596,603,588,607,587,600,595],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122470"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=122470"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122470\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134961,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122470\/revisions\/134961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=122470"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=122470"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=122470"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}