{"id":122748,"date":"2009-08-05T09:27:00","date_gmt":"2009-08-05T09:27:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2009\/08\/05\/122748.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:53:12","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:53:12","slug":"competicion-cooperacion-y-exito-evolutivo-el-caso-del-homo-sapiens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2009\/08\/05\/122748","title":{"rendered":"Competici\u00f3n, Cooperaci\u00f3n y \u00c9xito Evolutivo. El Caso del Homo sapiens"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\">La imagen que ha llevado el neodarvinismo a los ciudadanos, tal como se entiende actualmente, ofrece una idea de la naturaleza brutal. El pez grande se como al chico. Solo sobreviven los m\u00e1s aptos, etc. Tal aterradora visi\u00f3n del mundo, es m\u00e1s que discutible. Sin embargo, tanto en la \u00e9poca de Darwin, como m\u00e1s aun en la actualidad, el sistema capitalista ha necesitado justificar su desp\u00f3tico comportamiento frente a los ciudadanos de a pi\u00e9. Investigaciones recientes parecen retar tal imaginer\u00eda tendenciosa, a favor de un escenario en donde la cooperaci\u00f3n, tanto como la competitividad, o m\u00e1s, da lugar a que muchas especies alcancen el \u00e9xito, frente a otras, garantizando su expansi\u00f3n y supervivencia. De hecho, que el darvinismo social emergiera con antelaci\u00f3n al meramente cient\u00edfico, resulta parad\u00f3jico. Darwin proporcion\u00f3 una teor\u00eda que avalaba la actitud de la nueva burgues\u00eda de su tiempo. El ultradarvinismo que vivimos justifica el deleznable comportamiento de la globalizaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica que padecemos. S\u00ed esa, que nos ha sumergido en una profunda crisis humanitaria, econ\u00f3mica y ambiental. Sin embargo, sus argumentos comienzan a ser rebatidos con pruebas cient\u00edficas.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<IMG style=\"WIDTH: 431px; HEIGHT: 249px\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/255\/o_National%20Geographics.jpg\" width=460 height=262><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 8pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/channel.nationalgeographic.com\/series\/naked-science\/3030\/Overview\"><FONT color=#800080>\u00bfCompetici\u00f3n y\/o Cooperaci\u00f3n?. Fuente: National Geographic<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><!--more--><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\">En post anteriores, hemos venido defendiendo que uno de los <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">motores del crecimiento demogr\u00e1fico<\/SPAN><\/B>, as\u00ed como de la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">colonizaci\u00f3n de la mayor parte de los h\u00e1bitats planetarios<\/SPAN><\/B> acaeci\u00f3 cuando el hombre inici\u00f3 la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">producci\u00f3n agropecuaria<\/SPAN><\/B> (ver post \u201c<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/06\/23\/32484.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Homo Sapiens, El Sistema Suelo-Planta, Diversidad Natural y Evoluci\u00f3n Cultural<\/FONT><\/A>\u201d), siendo <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el siguiente salto <\/SPAN><\/B>la utilizaci\u00f3n del <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">riego<\/SPAN><\/B> (ver post \u201c<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/05\/20\/65951.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>El Nacimiento de las Civilizaciones y El Sistema Suelo-Planta-Agua: El Caso de las Culturas Mesoamericanas<\/FONT><\/A>\u201d). Y probablemente fuera as\u00ed. Sin embargo, nuevos descubrimientos, llevados por dos equipos de investigaci\u00f3n independientes, nos informan que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el crecimiento demogr\u00e1fico y la dispersi\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de los humanos modernos <\/SPAN><\/B>(al perecer desde la regi\u00f3n subsaheliana) <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">comenz\u00f3 con anterioridad al advenimiento de la agricultura, hace aproximadamente unos 50.000 a\u00f1os<\/SPAN><\/B>, es decir a <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">finales del Pleistoceno por los pueblos paleol\u00edticos<\/SPAN><\/B>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\">Tanto <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">evidencias arqueol\u00f3gicas y gen\u00e9ticas<\/SPAN><\/B>, como los <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">modelos de simulaci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B> llevados a cabo para explicarlas, corroboran la idea que<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> la poblaci\u00f3n se multiplic\u00f3 por 10 a finales de la edad de piedra debido a que la especie humana moderna adopt\u00f3 h\u00e1bitos cooperativos<\/SPAN><\/B>, fomentando el <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">intercambio de tecnolog\u00edas<\/SPAN><\/B> a trav\u00e9s del <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">comercio<\/SPAN><\/B> y soslayando en gran parte las disputas tribales. Tal modo de proceder, sugieren los autores, que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">nos dio ventaja sobre otras especies de hom\u00ednidos, fomentando el incremento de la complejidad social<\/SPAN><\/B>, o lo que es lo mismo,<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> un salto hacia comportamientos abiertamente cooperativos<\/SPAN><\/B> de la especie que si bien no descartan disputas y guerras, las pondera a la baja. Dicho de otro modo, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la competici\u00f3n intraespec\u00edfica cedi\u00f3 parte de su hegemon\u00eda a la cooperaci\u00f3n en el seno de la especie<\/SPAN><\/B>. <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>Todo ello, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">refuerza las tesis que diversos<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>expertos en teor\u00eda de juegos defienden a cerca de <\/SPAN><\/B>la evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica, tecnol\u00f3gica y cultural, como ya os mostramos en nuestro post: \u201c<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2009\/04\/18\/116623.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Teor\u00eda de Juegos, Evoluci\u00f3n, Complejidad y Crisis Econ\u00f3mica<\/FONT><\/A>\u201d<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\">Uno de los<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> art\u00edculos <\/SPAN><\/B>apareci\u00f3 en la famosa revista <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">PNAs <\/SPAN><\/B>a finales de julio de 2009, mientas que el otro lo hizo en la emergente<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> PlosOne<\/SPAN><\/B>, casi simult\u00e1neamente. Abajo os ofrezco los res\u00famenes, as\u00ed como una nota de prensa de la \u00faltima. Sin embargo, recordar que PlosOne resulta ser una<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> revista es de acceso abierto<\/SPAN><\/B>, por lo que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">pod\u00e9is bajaros el art\u00edculo pinchando sobre el t\u00edtulo.<\/SPAN><\/B> <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\">A t\u00edtulo personal (y sin el menor af\u00e1n de pontificar con mis argumentos) extraigo dos conclusiones. En primer lugar, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el Marxismo se equivoc\u00f3 al apelar al modelo darviniano de la \u201clucha de clases\u201d <\/SPAN><\/B>que deb\u00eda finalizar con el triunfo de una sobre las dem\u00e1s. M\u00e1s le hubiera valido seguir los postulados de Koprotkin, al detestaban a muerte. Por otro lado, que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la construcci\u00f3n social de la ciencia genera que las teor\u00edas triunfantes, en un determinado contexto hist\u00f3rico <\/SPAN><\/B>(momento y lugar concretos)<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">, se encuentren sesgadas por los intereses de los poderes f\u00e1cticos o de revoluciones sociales que sufran<\/SPAN><\/B>. Obviamente, ambas hip\u00f3tesis requieren, con vistas a atesorar mayor valor heur\u00edstico, de an\u00e1lisis m\u00e1s profundos y amplios (que incluyan a varias ramas del conocimiento cient\u00edfico en diversos contextos hist\u00f3rico-sociales). Y como por la falta de datos no puedo quejarme, hablaremos de ambas a su debido tiempo. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">A uno no le extra\u00f1a el bombo y platillo que penosamente ha generado este a\u00f1o el bicentenario del nacimiento de Darwin. Al fin y al cabo, la mayor parte de la ciencia actual procede de<\/SPAN><\/B> los pa\u00edses hegem\u00f3nicos, cuyo poder&nbsp;se basa en un capitalismo salvaje, mientras que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los investigadores, como ciudadanos, suelen atesorar los mismos valores morales y \u00e9ticos que sus sociedades defienden<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Resulta curioso, pero quiz\u00e1s no sea trivial, que la crisis econ\u00f3mica comience a producir ciertas l\u00edneas de investigaci\u00f3n que cuestionen unos supuestos que hasta hace poco ser\u00edan impensables. Seguiremos hablando, con calma, de estos asuntos, por cuanto desvelan mucho de la verdadera naturaleza del quehacer cient\u00edfico, as\u00ed como de sus relaciones con los poderes que las sustentan.<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> \u00bfQui\u00e9n sufraga estas actividades?: \u00a1Gobiernos e industrias!<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: teal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>PNAS 29 Julio<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 11pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2009\/07\/10\/0905708106.abstract\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><FONT color=#800080>Population stability, cooperation, and the invasibility of the human species<\/FONT><\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/search?author1=Marcus+J.+Hamilton&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Marcus J. Hamilton<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>, <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/search?author1=Oskar+Burger&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Oskar Burger<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>,<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/search?author1=John+P.+DeLong&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>John P. DeLong<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>, <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/search?author1=Robert+S.+Walker&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Robert S. Walker<\/SPAN><\/A><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/106\/30\/12255.abstract#aff-5\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>d<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>, <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/search?author1=Melanie+E.+Moses&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Melanie E. Moses<\/SPAN><\/A><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/106\/30\/12255.abstract#aff-3\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>e<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB> and <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/search?author1=James+H.+Brown&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>James H. Brown<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><A name=aff-1><\/A><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Departments of Anthropology, <A name=aff-2><\/A>Biology, and <A name=aff-3><\/A>Computer Science University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; <A name=aff-4><\/A>SWCA Environmental Consultants, 295 Interlocken Boulevard, Suite 300, Bloomfield, CO 80021; <A name=aff-5><\/A>Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and <A name=aff-6><\/A>Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501 <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: teal\">Abstract<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>The biogeographic expansion of modern humans out of <\/SPAN><\/B><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" \/><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Africa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB> began \u02dc50,000 years ago<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>. <\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\">This expansion resulted in the colonization <\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\">of most of the land area and habitats<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\"> throughout the globe and in the replacement of preexisting hominid species<\/SPAN><\/B>. However, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">such rapid population growth and geographic spread is somewhat unexpected for a large primate with a slow, density-dependent life history<\/SPAN><\/B>. Here, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">we suggest a mechanism<\/SPAN><\/B> for these outcomes by modifying a simple<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">density-dependent population model<\/SPAN><\/B> to allow varying levels of intraspecific competition for finite resources. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">Reducing intraspecific competition increases carrying capacities, growth rates, and stability, including persistence times and speed of recovery from perturbations<\/SPAN><\/B>. Our model suggests that the <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">energetic benefits of cooperation in modern humans may have outweighed the slow rate of human population growth<\/SPAN><\/B>, effectively ensuring that once modern humans colonized a region long-term population persistence was near inevitable. Our model also provides insight into the<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">interplay of structural complexity and stability in social species<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 11pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 11pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0006366\"><SPAN style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><FONT color=#800080>Autosomal Resequence Data Reveal Late Stone Age Signals of Population Expansion in Sub-Saharan African Foraging and Farming Populations<\/FONT><\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 15.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN\" lang=EN><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><A href=\"http:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/pub_releases\/2009-07\/plos-sfh072409.php\"><FONT color=#800080>Study Finds Human Population Expanded During Late Stone Age<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>by Staff Writers; <\/SPAN><st1:place><st1:City><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Tempe<\/SPAN><\/st1:City><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB> <\/SPAN><st1:State><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>AZ<\/SPAN><\/st1:State><\/st1:place><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB> (SPX) <\/SPAN><st1:date Month=\"7\" Day=\"30\" Year=\"2009\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Jul 30, 2009<\/SPAN><\/st1:date><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Genetic evidence is revealing that <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">human populations began to expand in size in <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Africa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB> during the Late Stone Age approximately 40,000 years ago<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>. <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\">A research team led by Michael F. Hammer (Arizona Research Laboratory&#8217;s Division of Biotechnology at the University of Arizona) found that <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">sub-Saharan populations increased in size well before the development of agriculture<\/SPAN><\/B>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\">This research <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">supports the hypothesis that population growth played a significant role in the evolution of human cultures in the Late Pleistocene<\/SPAN><\/B>. The team&#8217;s findings are published in the online peer reviewed journal <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">PLoS ONE on July 29<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Reconstructions of the timing and magnitude of changes in human population size are important for<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB> understanding the evolution of our species. <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\">There has been a longstanding disagreement whether humans began to increase in number as a result of innovative technologies and\/or behaviors formulated by hunter-gatherer groups in the Late Pleistocene, or with the advent of agriculture in the Neolithic<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt\">. <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Hammer&#8217;s research integrates empirical genetics with discoveries in paleontology and archeology to help provide answers to interdisciplinary questions about <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">which kinds of innovations led to the evolutionary success of humankind<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>Hammer&#8217;s UA team, together with their collaborator from the <\/SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>University<\/SPAN><\/st1:PlaceType><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB> of <\/SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>California San Francisco<\/SPAN><\/st1:PlaceName><\/st1:place><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>&#8216;s Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, surveyed the genetic material of ~184 individuals from seven human populations and used a computational approach to simulate the evolution of genetic lineages over time.<SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\"> <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\">The researchers found that both hunter-gathers and food-producing groups best fit models with approximately ten-fold population growth beginning well before the origin of agriculture<\/B><\/SPAN>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0pt\" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\" lang=EN-GB>For the first time ever, Hammer&#8217;s team was able to investigate the timing of human population expansion by applying sophisticated inferential statistics to a large multilocus autosomal data set re-sequenced in multiple contemporary<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> sub-Saharan African populations<\/SPAN><\/B>. The team&#8217;s finely executed experimental design and use of supercomputing power enabled them <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">to determine that this expansion in population size likely began at the <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">start of the Late Stone Age<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">-a period in prehistory that shows an intensification of archeological sites, an increased abundance of blade-based lithic technologies, and enhanced long-distance exchange<\/SPAN><\/B>. The next step in the project is to gather more data by testing more populations and additional parts of the genome. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La imagen que ha llevado el neodarvinismo a los ciudadanos, tal como se entiende actualmente, ofrece una idea de la naturaleza brutal. El pez grande se como al chico. Solo sobreviven los m\u00e1s aptos, etc. Tal aterradora visi\u00f3n del mundo, es m\u00e1s que discutible. Sin embargo, tanto en la \u00e9poca de Darwin, como m\u00e1s aun en la actualidad, el sistema capitalista ha necesitado justificar su desp\u00f3tico comportamiento frente a los ciudadanos de a pi\u00e9. Investigaciones recientes parecen retar tal imaginer\u00eda tendenciosa, a favor de un escenario en donde la cooperaci\u00f3n, tanto como la competitividad, o m\u00e1s, da lugar a que\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[586,618,599,615,606],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122748"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=122748"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122748\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134966,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122748\/revisions\/134966"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=122748"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=122748"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=122748"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}