{"id":124863,"date":"2009-09-15T09:36:00","date_gmt":"2009-09-15T09:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2009\/09\/15\/124863.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:53:45","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:53:45","slug":"agricultura-de-conservacion-cuando-los-acuiferos-se-agotan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2009\/09\/15\/124863","title":{"rendered":"Agricultura de Conservaci\u00f3n: Cuando los Acu\u00edferos se Agotan"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"File-List\" href=\"file:\/\/\/C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJuanjo%5CCONFIG%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml\">\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink \t{color:#000099; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed \t{color:purple; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} @page Section1 \t{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; \tmargin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; \tmso-header-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-footer-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0pt; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} -->  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Si los europeos valor\u00e1ramos los recursos ed\u00e1ficos como se hace en USA, no habr\u00edamos alcanzado las cotas de degradaci\u00f3n de suelos que hoy padecemos. La noticia que vamos a ofrecer hoy es una clara muestra de ello. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">En una regi\u00f3n de las altas llanuras de Texas, el abuso de irrigaci\u00f3n comenz\u00f3 a vaciar el acu\u00edfero<\/span><\/b>. Se trata de una<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> zona semi\u00e1rida <\/span><\/b>en donde el recurso <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">agua<\/span><\/b> es un <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">bien escaso<\/span><\/b>. Bajo los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">usos que se llevaban a cabo<\/span><\/b>, los contenidos de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">materia org\u00e1nica del suelo a penas alcanzaban<\/span><\/b> la cifra del <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">1%<\/span><\/b>. En consecuencia, el Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">(USDA), junto a universidades y asociaciones agropecuarias,<\/span><\/b> iniciaron un<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> ambicioso proyecto: encontrar sistemas de usos del suelo sustentables, econ\u00f3micamente rentables y eficientes en el uso del agua <\/span><\/b>(al parecer, al menos en muchos enclaves, reconvirtiendo las parcelas cultivadas bajo riego a sistemas de secano). <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">La retenci\u00f3n del agua por los suelos demanda una buena estructura y, como corolario, contenidos elevados de materia org\u00e1nica<\/span><\/b>. Tambi\u00e9n se contabilizaron las <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">praderas cuyos suelos se encontraban degradados<\/span><\/b>, las cuales <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">fueron dejadas en barbecho <\/span><\/b>(sin cultivar durante unos a\u00f1os, con vistas a que los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">suelos subyacentes mejoraran propiedades hidrof\u00edsicas<\/span><\/b>). Con vistas a <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">cumplir tales prop\u00f3sitos, con anterioridad a que el acu\u00edfero se agotara, se testaron m\u00faltiples sistemas de uso con diversos tipos de rotaciones de plantas <\/span><\/b>(el algod\u00f3n deb\u00eda ser por all\u00ed el cultivo predominante), <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">distintos procedimientos de rotaci\u00f3n, viabilidad de su reconversi\u00f3n a pastos, eficacia de los cortavientos, reforestaci\u00f3n, etc. etc.<\/span><\/b> <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/164\/o_Altos%20llanos%20de%20Texas.jpg\" width=\"433\" height=\"288\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/vintagetexas.com\/blog\/?p=27\">Agricultura previa de irrigaci\u00f3n con sobreexplotaci\u00f3n <o:p><\/o:p><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"MsoHyperlink\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/vintagetexas.com\/blog\/?p=27\">del acu\u00edfero. Fuente: Vintage Texas<\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <!--more--><link rel=\"File-List\" href=\"file:\/\/\/C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJuanjo%5CCONFIG%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml\"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"Street\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PostalCode\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"City\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceName\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceType\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"State\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"address\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"place\"><\/o:smarttagtype><!--[if !mso]><object  classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui><\/object> \n\n<style> st1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --><\/p>\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink \t{color:#000099; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed \t{color:purple; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} @page Section1 \t{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; \tmargin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; \tmso-header-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-footer-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0pt; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} -->  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Sabemos que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">monitorizar los cambios del suelo, bajo distintos usos, puede requerir mucho tiempo<\/span><\/b>. Conforme a estudios llevados a cabo previamente, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">se sab\u00eda que no se observar\u00edan cambios significativos de los contenidos de materia org\u00e1nica antes de los 10 a\u00f1os<\/span><\/b>. \u00a1Demasiado tiempo!. En consecuencia, algunos investigadores entre los que se encontraba <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Ver\u00f3nica Acosta Mart\u00ednez<\/span><\/b>, comenzaron a <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">indagar si pod\u00eda estimarse la mejora (o deterioro) de la calidad de los suelos mediante otros procedimientos, como lo es la microbiolog\u00eda y la enzimolog\u00eda de suelos<\/span><\/b>. Seg\u00fan se narra en las dos <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">notas de prensa de la ARS<\/span><\/b> que exponemos abajo (una breve en espa\u00f1ol-castellano y otra m\u00e1s extensa en suahili) finalmente <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">detectaron que analizando la diversidad microbiana de las comunidades del suelo mediante t\u00e9cnicas moleculares, tal periodo de espera pod\u00eda reducirse a 3 a\u00f1os<\/span><\/b>. Para ello utilizaron una t\u00e9cnica de an\u00e1lisis de DNA denominada de \u201cpiro-secuenciaci\u00f3n\u201d. Los resultados, en opini\u00f3n de los autores fueron todo un \u00e9xito.<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> La biodiversidad microbiana funcionaba como una eficiente indicadora de las mejoras que se iban produciendo en la calidad del suelo bajo las diferentes pruebas realizadas para los usos alternativos testados, y a largo plazo tambi\u00e9n predec\u00edan los contenidos de materia org\u00e1nica<\/span><\/b>. As\u00ed mismo, detectaron un <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">aumento del carbono org\u00e1nico de origen microbiano<\/span><\/b>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Resulta conveniente que pinch\u00e9is sobre en enlace que las notas de prensa enlazan bajo el <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>acr\u00f3nimo <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">CPR <\/span><\/b>con los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">objetivos originales del programa<\/span><\/b>. Resulta esclarecedor que, cuando las cosas se quieren hacer correctamente, finalmente se alcanza el \u00e9xito. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Los granjeros y rancheros ced\u00edan parcelas <\/span><\/b>para los test que realizaban los expertos, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">mientras que otras instituciones gubernamentales y estatales subvencionaban las posibles p\u00e9rdidas econ\u00f3micas ocasionadas por los mismos a sus propietarios<\/span><\/b>. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Los pastos cuyos suelos eran altamente erosionables fueron preservadas del pastoreo sobrepastoreo (por una d\u00e9cada) <\/span><\/b>en el contexto de este programa, etc., etc., etc.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/164\/o_Altos%20llanos%20TexasRancho%20.jpg\" width=\"445\" height=\"287\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailyyonder.com\/windbreak-homeplace\">Rancho en los altos llanos de Texas con cortavientos Fuente: Daily Yonder<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">El Proyecto parece que se encuentra <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">cerca de su finalizaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/b>, llegando la<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> hora de planificar la gesti\u00f3n del territorio y los usos sustentables que pueda albergar con un uso eficiente del sistema suelo-planta-agua<\/span><\/b>. Si comparo estas iniciativas con la desidia gubernamental y ciudadana existente en Espa\u00f1a (y posiblemente tambi\u00e9n en otros pa\u00edses de Latinoam\u00e9rica y de la propia Uni\u00f3n Europea), <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">uno solo puede sentir una sana envidia<\/span><\/b>. Los notas de prensa incluyen mucha m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n y los enlaces a los que direcciona resultan ser de suma utilidad.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/164\/o_TexasHighPlains%20irrigaci%C3%B3n.jpg\" width=\"456\" height=\"286\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbase.com\/merriwolf\/image\/88561298\">Altos llenos de Texas agricultura si hay acu\u00edferos. Fuente:pbase.com<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrcs.usda.gov\/programs\/CRP\/\">Programa de Reservas para la Conservaci\u00f3n<\/a> (CRP)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/is\/espanol\/pr\/2009\/090807.es.htm\">Microbios del suelo revelan los beneficios de ciertas pr\u00e1cticas agr\u00edcolas<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">ARS-USDA Por <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/is\/contacts.htm#Don\">Don Comis<\/a>; 7 de agosto 2009<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">La primera evaluaci\u00f3n del i<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">mpacto de algunas pr\u00e1cticas agr\u00edcolas alternativas<\/span><\/b>\u2014basada en los cambios en los microbios del suelo\u2014en las Praderas Altas de Texas ha sido realizada por una cient\u00edfica del <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/main\/main.htm?language=spanish\">Servicio de Investigaci\u00f3n Agr\u00edcola<\/a> (ARS). <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Microbi\u00f3loga del suelo<\/span><\/b> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/pandp\/people\/people.htm?personid=21820\">Veronica Acosta-Mart\u00ednez<\/a> tambi\u00e9n realiz\u00f3 un an\u00e1lisis similar\u2013el primer de su tipo\u2013para los terrenos inscritos en el <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrcs.usda.gov\/programs\/CRP\/\">Programa de Reservas para la Conservaci\u00f3n<\/a> (CRP por sus siglas en ingl\u00e9s) del <a href=\"http:\/\/www.usda.gov\/wps\/portal\/en_espanol?navtype=MA&amp;navid=EN_ESPANOL\">Departamento de Agricultura de EE.UU.<\/a> (USDA por sus siglas en ingl\u00e9s). C<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ambios en los microbios del suelo pueden proveer una temprana indicaci\u00f3n del impacto de una pr\u00e1ctica agr\u00edcola alternativa en la calidad del suelo<\/span><\/b>, la cual es un factor importante en la productividad de las plantas.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Acosta-Mart\u00ednez, quien trabaja en la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/main\/site_main.htm?modecode=62-08-05-20\">Unidad de Erosi\u00f3n E\u00f3lica y Conservaci\u00f3n del Agua<\/a> mantenida por el ARS en Lubbock, Texas,<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> ha visto cambios en comunidades microbianas dentro de unos pocos a\u00f1os del comienzo de cambios en el uso del terreno o en los sistemas de labranza, mientras que cambios en otras propiedades del suelo pueden tardar 10 a\u00f1os o m\u00e1s<\/span><\/b>. Desde el a\u00f1o 2006, Acosta-Mart\u00ednez y <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/pandp\/people\/people.htm?personid=6323\">Ted Zobeck<\/a>, quien es cient\u00edfico del suelo con el ARS en Lubbock, han colectado m<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">uestras del suelo de muchas granjas participando en la Alianza de Texas para la<\/span><\/b> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.depts.ttu.edu\/TAWC\/\">Conservaci\u00f3n del Agua<\/a> (TAWC por sus siglas en ingl\u00e9s). La alianza es parte de un estudio amplio en la regi\u00f3n del Acu\u00edfero de Ogallala sobre el impacto de las pr\u00e1cticas agr\u00edcolas en la conservaci\u00f3n de suelo y agua. La alianza es una asociaci\u00f3n de granjeros, rancheros, el sector agr\u00edcola, el Distrito N\u00famero 1 de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Conservaci\u00f3n del Agua Subterr\u00e1nea de las Praderas Altas<\/span><\/b>, agencias gubernamentales, e investigadores con el ARS , la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ttu.edu\/\">Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Texas<\/a>, y \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/agriliferesearch.tamu.edu\/\">AgriLife Research<\/a>\u2019 del Sistema Universitario Texas A&amp;M. <\/p>\n<p> La alianza estudia 3.954 acres de campos agr\u00edcolas as\u00ed como las praderas inscritas en CRP. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Los microbios\u2014bacterias, hongos y protozoos\u2014producen enzimas que hacen funcionar los ciclos importantes de carbono, nitr\u00f3geno, f\u00f3sforo y azufre en el suelo y ayudan a formar materia org\u00e1nica. Acosta-Mart\u00ednez descubri\u00f3 que el CRP, los pastos y las rotaciones de cultivos estimularon un aumento en la diversidad y actividad microbiana. Estos cambios son precursores a aumentos finales en el contenido total de carbono de suelo<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/is\/AR\/archive\/aug09\/soil0809.htm\">Lea m\u00e1s<\/a> sobre esta investigaci\u00f3n en la revista &#8216;Agricultural Research&#8217; de agosto del 2009.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">ARS es la agencia principal de investigaciones cient\u00edficas del USDA.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/is\/AR\/archive\/aug09\/soil0809.htm\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">For Want of Microbes, Soil Processes and Function Could Be Lost<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">ARS-USDA, 31 Julio 2009<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The health of entire ecosystems can depend on tiny soil microbes, which are responsible for most decomposition processes<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> Veronica Acosta-Martinez<\/span><\/b> has been studying these <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">microbes on croplands, grasslands, and forests, and she\u2019s discovered that changes in soil microbial communities can give a relatively early indication as to how a particular crop or practice is affecting the soil<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">. <\/span><\/b>She has seen microbial communities respond within a few years to changes in land use or cropping systems, while it can take 10 years or more for changes to occur in other soil properties. Acosta-Martinez is a soil microbiologist at the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/main\/main.htm\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Agricultural Research Service\u2019s<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit in <\/span><st1:place><st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Lubbock<\/span><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">,  <\/span><st1:state><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Texas<\/span><\/st1:state><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Since 2006, she and Ted Zobeck, a soil scientist also at Lubbock, have been taking <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">soil samples from 26 farms participating <\/span><\/b>in the <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Texas Alliance for Water Conservation<\/span><\/b> <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">(TAWC)<\/span><\/b>. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Vivien Allen from <\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Texas<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Tech<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> at <\/span><st1:city><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Lubbock<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> began the <\/span><st1:city><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Alliance<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> as part of a broad study in the <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Ogallala Aquifer region <\/span><\/b>on the effect of farming practices on soil and water conservation. TAWC includes a team of scientists who study all the properties of soil and their relationship to farming practices and soil productivity and quality. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">It is a partnership among farmers, ranchers, industry, the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1, ARS and other government agencies, Texas Tech University, and Texas A&amp;M University System\u2019s Texas AgriLife Research.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">My role on the team is to look at soil microbes for early signs of changes in the soil microbial component,\u201d Acosta-Martinez says. <\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">\u201cWe have to look at all properties\u2014soil microbes can\u2019t tell everything. <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">But they are key to changes in soil processes that can affect soil quality<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.\u201d She has been the only ARS microbiologist doing these measurements in the Texas <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">High Plains, a region of many soils that have less than 1 percent soil organic matter<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">. <\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">\u201cThis is a <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">semi-arid region<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> with crops and livestock that depend on water from the declining Ogallala Aquifer<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">This is why alternative management is being evaluated <\/span><\/b>in the region. Research dealing with soil and water conservation is imporant for our future generations.\u201d<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: teal;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Microbes Save Water<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">With the help of Scot Dowd, then working as a microbiologist with the ARS Livestock Issues Research Unit at <\/span><st1:city><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Lubbock<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, Acosta-Martinez <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">adapted new DNA technology, called \u201cpyrosequencing,\u201d for analysis of microbial species diversity in soil. <\/span><\/b>These microbes\u2014bacteria, fungi, and protozoa\u2014release enzymes that drive the important carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles in soil and facilitate turnover of organic matter, making nutrients available to plants. In fact, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">microbes make soil what it is<\/span><\/b>\u2014<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">affecting its structure and its ability to hold water for plants<\/span><\/b>. TAWC includes 3,954 acres of <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">land farmed various ways\u2014with and without crop rotations, with integration of livestock and crop production, and with various forms of irrigation<\/span><\/b>. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">It also <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">includes nearby<\/span><span style=\"color: green;\"> grasslands that are highly erodible and that have been rested from farming for a decade under USDA\u2019s<\/span><\/b> Conservation Reserve Program <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">(CRP)<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cThese <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">CRP lands had never been evaluated by looking at soil microbes and enzyme activities involved in nutrient cycling, which are key indicators of soil quality,<\/span><\/b>\u201d Acosta-Martinez says. \u201cWe found<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: green;\">CRP encouraged an increase in microbial diversity and activity,<\/span><\/b>\u201d she says. \u201cThis information is key to the decisions to be made for this land, as a significant portion of <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">CRP lands are due to revert back to farmland this year in <\/span><\/b><\/span><st1:state><st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Texas<\/span><\/b><\/st1:place><\/st1:state><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.\u201d She and colleagues found that <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">CRP lands, pastures, and fields with crop rotations had higher microbial populations and shifts in the community composition. <\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">These changes are considered precursors to eventual increases in overall soil carbon content. She also saw increases in beneficial fungi in those soils<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: teal;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Microbes Give Early Warning of Soil Changes<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u201c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Had we only looked for changes in total carbon or organic matter, we might have concluded erroneously that pastures and crop rotations had no effect on soil microbial properties<\/span><\/b>,\u201d Acosta-Martinez says. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">But <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">microbial changes occurred in as few as 3 years<\/span><\/b>. She also found <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">no increase in microbial carbon levels in a peanut-cotton rotation, compared to continuous cotton<\/span><\/b>. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">This work was in collaboration with agricultural engineer Dana Porter and plant pathologist Terry Wheeler, both with Texas AgriLife Research. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">In research in Georgia with Ron Sorensen of ARS and Diane Rowland, formerly with ARS, Acosta-Martinez found that<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> for soil improvement, if using microbial properties as indicators, peanuts must be included for at least 2 consecutive years in a rotation with cotton<\/span><\/b>. \u201cWe found that a <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">peanut-peanut-cotton rotation increased <\/span><span style=\"color: green;\">soil microbial carbon<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> levels and <\/span><span style=\"color: green;\">carbon cycling enzyme activities<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> in typical sandy soils used for peanut production<\/span><\/b>,\u201d she says.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: teal;\">Prolonging Ogallala Aquifer\u2019s Life<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">As part of the Ogallala Aquifer Initiative Research Program, Acosta-Martinez<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\"> focuses on nonirrigated farms<\/span><\/b>. <\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">ARS funds several water-conservation projects<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> for the Ogallala Aquifer Program through a consortium with universities such as Kansas State, Texas Tech, West Texas A&amp;M, and Texas A&amp;M. \u201c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">We expect dryland farming in this region to keep increasing, so we need to know what cropping systems work best in this type of farming,<\/span><\/b>\u201d Acosta-Martinez says. She has <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">studied microbes in soil samples in a dryland field study established in 2003. <\/span><\/b><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">In 5 years, she found no changes in soil organic matter content and microbial populations and activities due to tillage methods<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">. <b style=\"\">But she has seen dramatic changes in the carbon content of microbes<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"> in that period, with carbon decreasing when <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">cotton<\/span><\/b> is grown year after year. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">A<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> sorghum-cotton rotation showed<\/span><\/b> higher microbial properties compared to <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">continuous cotton<\/span><\/b>. She found even <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">higher soil microbial carbon content when cotton is rotated with sorghum and rye compared to a cotton-sorghum rotation<\/span><\/b>. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u201cBut a<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">fter 7 years, soil total carbon is not different between the cotton-rye-sorghum and cotton-sorghum rotation<\/span><\/b>,\u201d she says. \u201cAnd<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\"> cotton yields have not been affected by these rotations compared to continuous cotton<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u201cAgain, this shows that you can spot some changes earlier in soil microbes than in other soil properties,\u201d Acosta-Martinez says.\u2014By <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/is\/contacts.htm#Don\">Don Comis,<\/a> Agricultural Research Service Information Staff.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">This research is part of Soil Resource Management, an ARS national program (#202) described on the World Wide Web at <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nps.ars.usda.gov\/\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">www.nps.ars.usda.gov<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"mailto:veronica.acosta-martinez@ars.usda.gov\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Veronica Acosta-Martinez<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> is in the USDA-ARS <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/Main\/site_main.htm?docid=4229\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, <\/span><st1:address><st1:street><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">3810   4th St.<\/span><\/st1:street><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, <\/span><st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Lubbock<\/span><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">,  <\/span><st1:state><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">TX<\/span><\/st1:state><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:postalcode><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">79415<\/span><\/st1:postalcode><\/st1:address><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">; phone (806) 749-5560, fax (806) 723-5272. \u00abFor Want of Microbes, Soil Processes and Function Could Be Lost\u00bb was published in the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/is\/AR\/archive\/aug09\/\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">August 2009<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> issue of Agricultural Research magazine.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Si los europeos valor\u00e1ramos los recursos ed\u00e1ficos como se hace en USA, no habr\u00edamos alcanzado las cotas de degradaci\u00f3n de suelos que hoy padecemos. La noticia que vamos a ofrecer hoy es una clara muestra de ello. En una regi\u00f3n de las altas llanuras de Texas, el abuso de irrigaci\u00f3n comenz\u00f3 a vaciar el acu\u00edfero. Se trata de una zona semi\u00e1rida en donde el recurso agua es un bien escaso. Bajo los usos que se llevaban a cabo, los contenidos de materia org\u00e1nica del suelo a penas alcanzaban la cifra del 1%. En consecuencia, el Departamento de Agricultura de los\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[589,600,598],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/124863"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=124863"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/124863\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134993,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/124863\/revisions\/134993"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=124863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=124863"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=124863"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}