{"id":126602,"date":"2009-10-13T13:23:00","date_gmt":"2009-10-13T13:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2009\/10\/13\/126602.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:54:07","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:54:07","slug":"perdida-y-degradacion-irreversible-de-suelos-de-deltas-y-zonas-humedas-costeras","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2009\/10\/13\/126602","title":{"rendered":"P\u00e9rdida y Degradaci\u00f3n Irreversible de Suelos de Deltas y Zonas h\u00famedas Costeras"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"File-List\" href=\"file:\/\/\/C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJuanjo%5CCONFIG%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml\">\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;} @font-face \t{font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"; \tpanose-1:2 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:roman; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink \t{color:#699671; \tmso-text-animation:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-underline:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-line-through:none;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed \t{color:purple; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} @page Section1 \t{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; \tmargin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; \tmso-header-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-footer-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0pt; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} -->  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Bookman Old Style&quot;;\">Desde hace m\u00e1s de dos d\u00e9cadas vengo sosteniendo que la p\u00e9rdida y degradaci\u00f3n de los suelos y ecosistemas de humedales litorales son irreversibles. Cuando se me replicaba que muchos de aquellos se encuentran bajo figuras legales que intentan garantizar su protecci\u00f3n, alegaba que \u201cm\u00e1s de lo mismo\u201d. Dos son las principales razones. La degradaci\u00f3n por contaminaci\u00f3n (in situ, o de las aguas fluviales que drenan) es una de ellas, mientras que la p\u00e9rdida por la construcci\u00f3n, tierras adentro, de infraestructuras hidr\u00e1ulicas da cuenta de una buena parte de sus p\u00e9rdidas. Del mismo modo, la destrucci\u00f3n de sus ecosistemas protectores frente a las perturbaciones, como es el caso de los manglares, deviene que los suelos que los sustentaban sean mucho m\u00e1s vulnerables frente a la erosi\u00f3n. Si a todo ello se suma: (i) extracci\u00f3n de aguas para riego y explotaciones de recursos naturales y (ii) desarrollo de infraestructuras urbanas costeras, el panorama es desolador. Estas dos \u00faltimas generan subsidencia (hundimiento del terreno). Finalmente, la subida del nivel del mar, resultado del cambio clim\u00e1tico, es la guinda que culmina la tarta. Una buena parte de las extensiones de los suelos aluviales del mundo se circunscriben a estos ambientes. Debido a su fertilidad, la poblaci\u00f3n ha ido emigrando a estos anta\u00f1o paradis\u00edacos y biodiversos paisajes, ya que pod\u00edan dar lugar a una enorme producci\u00f3n agraria, generalmente bajo riego. Conforme vayan desapareciendo, (o se degraden), la urgencia de reemplazar estos suelos, enormes productores de alimentos, por otros menos f\u00e9rtiles devendr\u00e1 en necesidad imperiosa. De no ser as\u00ed, a\u00f1adiremos un combustible m\u00e1s que peligroso a los ya existentes con vistas a mantener la soberan\u00eda alimentaria de cientos, sino miles de millones de personas.<span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/1283\/o_Deltas%20Missisipii.jpg\" height=\"425\" width=\"426\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/geosc10_web\/book\/export\/html\/1733\">Delta Mississippi. Fuente: psu.edu<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <!--more--><link rel=\"File-List\" href=\"file:\/\/\/C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJuanjo%5CCONFIG%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml\"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"State\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceName\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceType\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"date\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"country-region\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"place\"><\/o:smarttagtype><!--[if !mso]><object  classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui><\/object> \n\n<style> st1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --><\/p>\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink \t{color:#699671; \tmso-text-animation:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-underline:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-line-through:none;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed \t{color:purple; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} @page Section1 \t{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; \tmargin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; \tmso-header-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-footer-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0pt; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} -->  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Las <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">cuatro noticias que ofrecemos hoy<\/span><\/b>, variantes sobre un mismo tema, nos informan de la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">p\u00e9rdida de extensi\u00f3n de la edafosfera (Fluvisoles, Gleysoles, etc.) de estos ambientes por subsidencia y aumento del nivel de las aguas marinas<\/span><\/b>. Sin embargo, no debemos olvidar que tanto los <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">deltas<\/span><\/b>, como una buena parte de los restantes humedades costeros se desarrollan a la<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> salida de las grandes cuencas fluviales<\/span><\/b> del mundo, no de las de exiguas dimensiones. Por esta raz\u00f3n, lo usual es que<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> miles de empresas, tierra a dentro, viertan sus residuos a los cauces<\/span><\/b> que dan vida a tales ecosistemas y suelos. M\u00e1s aun, a ella tambi\u00e9n drenan <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">las aguas de grandes extensiones agr\u00edcolas, cargadas de nitratos y fosfatos<\/span><\/b>, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">polucionando<\/span><\/b> el preciado oro azul y los<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> suelos<\/span><\/b> en las desembocaduras, as\u00ed como induciendo las <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">floraciones algales marinas<\/span><\/b>, y como corolario, la g\u00e9nesis y extensi\u00f3n de los<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> puntos muertos en las regiones oce\u00e1nicas colindantes<\/span><\/b> que anta\u00f1o atesoraban ricas pesquer\u00edas.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Tampoco debe olvidarse que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">estos ambientes son muy susceptibles a la subsidencia cuando sobre ellas se instalan ciudades e infraestructuras pesadas<\/span><\/b>. Los casos de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Nueva Orle\u00e1ns<\/span><\/b> y <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Venecia<\/span><\/b> den cuenta de ello.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>La <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">sobreexplotaci\u00f3n de los acu\u00edferos <\/span><\/b>(ya sea para consumo humano o riego) al margen de inducir la intrusi\u00f3n de aguas marianas (<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">salinizaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/b>), pueden, a su vez, potenciar la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">subsidencia<\/span><\/b>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Los deltas nacen y se desarrollan gracias a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">l <b style=\"\">aporte de sedimentos de las cuencas que drenan<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">. Cuanto mayores sean las cargas de materiales que trasportan, tanto mejor. De ah\u00ed, que hoy sepamos que, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">en parte, han crecido de forma natural<\/span><\/b>. Sin embargo, en cierta medida, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">tambi\u00e9n son producto de la erosi\u00f3n antr\u00f3pica de los suelos aguas arriba<\/span><\/b>. Desconozco la raz\u00f3n por la que tal hecho suele soslayarse. Finalmente, en un momento hist\u00f3rico concreto, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">debe existir un equilibro entre aportes de sedimentos fluviales y su erosi\u00f3n por las aguas marinas<\/span><\/b>. Al <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">construir embalses y<\/span><\/b> divertir las aguas mediante <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">canalizaciones y trasvases<\/span><\/b> tierra adentro, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la carga de materiales que transportan los rios<\/span><\/b> se <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">reduce dr\u00e1sticamente<\/span><\/b>, por lo que no pueden compensar la p\u00e9rdida de suelos inducida por la mordedura de la erosi\u00f3n litoral. Se trata de otro caso palmario de la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">contracci\u00f3n de la edafosfera por la actividad humana<\/span><\/b>. Ya comentamos en otro post estos temas. Entre ellos cabe citar los dos siguientes:<span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"..\/universo\/archive\/2007\/03\/22\/62032.aspx\">El Sistema Cardiovascular de Gaia: La Manifestaci\u00f3n de un Planeta Enfermo<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"..\/universo\/archive\/2007\/08\/04\/71184.aspx\">Las Presas y Embalses: Una Bendici\u00f3n para la Humanidad y un Desastre Ecol\u00f3gico<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"..\/universo\/archive\/2009\/06\/02\/119362.aspx\">Contaminaci\u00f3n de Suelos y Aguas por Ars\u00e9nico y El Papel de las Bacterias del Suelo<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"..\/universo\/archive\/2007\/11\/11\/78540.aspx\">El Recurso Suelo y Cambio Global: Contracciones y Dilataciones Espaciales: Consideraciones Generales<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Por tanto, la noticia no nos extra\u00f1a, ya que es la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">cr\u00f3nica de una muerte anunciada<\/span><\/b>. Tambi\u00e9n cabr\u00eda recordar que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la destrucci\u00f3n de los manglares, y otras vegetaciones protectoras de los humedales<\/span><\/b> litorales es la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">causante <\/span><\/b>de que los<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> huracanes, tifones y tsunamis generen mucho m\u00e1s da\u00f1o del que cabr\u00eda esperar <\/span><\/b>de haberse conservado los primeros. En muchas regiones del mundo, tal hecho ha sido <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">propiciado por el turismo y<\/span><\/b> la instalaci\u00f3n de miles de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">piscifactor\u00edas<\/span><\/b>, muchas de las cuales tambi\u00e9n son <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">fuentes de contaminaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/b>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Desde un punto de vista edafol\u00f3gico, se\u00f1alar que la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">edafosfera planetaria no disfruta de muchas \u00e1reas \u00f3ptimas para la producci\u00f3n de cultivos, siendo una de ellas las que hoy abordamos<\/span><\/b>. Os comentamos como el \u201c<i style=\"\">Homo stupidus<\/i>\u201d, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">por razones log\u00edsticas,<\/span><\/b> tiene a <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">instalar <\/span><\/b>sus<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> industrias<\/span><\/b> (por no hablar de las<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> ciudades)<\/span><\/b> en zonas con f\u00e1cil acceso al agua, por lo que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">las llanuras aluviales, tambi\u00e9n se pierden<\/span><\/b>. Recordemos que se trata de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">suelos extremadamente f\u00e9rtiles y productivos<\/span><\/b>. Parte de tal proceso es resultado del <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">sellado por asfalto y cemento<\/span><\/b>. Sin embargo, no debe olvidarse que, de nuevo, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">el desarraigo de la vegetaci\u00f3n que rodea los r\u00edos (ripisilvas)<\/span><\/b> para su puesta en uso, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">favorece que las aguas corrientes erosionen sus m\u00e1rgenes<\/span><\/b>. Tal proceso devendr\u00eda en una fuente adicional de sedimentos a los deltas y marismas si no fuera porque <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">los embalses los retienen<\/span><\/b>. De este modo, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">estos cuerpos de agua tambi\u00e9n se colmatan de materiales m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidamente de lo deseable, disminuyendo su ciclo de vida \u00fatil <\/span><\/b>(m\u00e1s problemas).<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">A modo de resumen, hemos <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">devastado los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos y edafol\u00f3gicos de una buena parte de las cuencas de drenaje m\u00e1s importante del mundo. No encuentro mejor ejemplo de insustentabilidad <\/span><\/b>que tanta tropel\u00eda junta y actuando sin\u00e9rgicamente.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>En todo este contexto,<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> la subida del nivel del mar,<\/span><\/b> como consecuencia del <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">calentamiento clim\u00e1tico<\/span><\/b>, agrava el problema, pero <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">no es la causa principal<\/span><\/b>.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">Como ya hemos mentado, las cuatro noticias que os ofrecemos hoy,<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>proceden de una misma fuente. No obstante, fijaros como las notas de prensa en castellano refuerzan todo lo concerniente al tema de moda, en detrimento de varias de las causas principales del grave problema ambiental que nos ocupa. Por tanto, ruego a los interesados, <i style=\"\">con conocimiento del suahili,<\/i> que se lean todas, ya que las dos \u00faltimas aportan material de inter\u00e9s.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<span style=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34);\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/informacionidi\/noticias\/noticia.asp?id=40819&amp;origen=notiweb\">El 85% de los deltas m\u00e1s grandes del mundo se hunden<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">Los deltas m\u00e1s grandes del mundo son zonas densamente pobladas y muy cultivadas que en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os se est\u00e1n viendo amenazadas<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"> por el aumento de las inundaciones. FUENTE | <a href=\"http:\/\/www.elmundo.es\/\" target=\"_blank\">El Mundo Digital<\/a>; 22\/09\/2009 <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">El 85% de los deltas m\u00e1s grandes del mundo ha sufrido severas crecidas porque se est\u00e1n hundiendo.<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"> A esta conclusi\u00f3n ha llegado un equipo cient\u00edfico de la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Universidad de Colorado<\/a>, y <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">advierte de la gravedad del problema: la cantidad de deltas vulnerables puede elevarse un 50% si en los pr\u00f3ximos 40 a\u00f1os el aumento del nivel del mar contin\u00faa<\/span><\/b> tal y como se ha previsto para el siglo XXI.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><br \/> James Syvitski y sus colegas de Colorado <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">evaluaron el estado general de 33 deltas repartidos por todo el mundo a partir de mediciones por sat\u00e9lite y mapas hist\u00f3ricos de los \u00faltimos diez a\u00f1os. Encontraron que hasta 260.000 kil\u00f3metros cuadrados llegaron a estar en una inmersi\u00f3n temporal, y que s\u00f3lo nueve de estos deltas se manten\u00edan a pesar del aumento del nivel del mar<\/span><\/b>, estando cuatro de \u00e9stos en el l\u00edmite del desbordamiento.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><br \/> <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Los cient\u00edficos atribuyen el hundimiento relativo de las superficies del delta principalmente a dos razones: la construcci\u00f3n de presas y el desv\u00edo de los cauces de los r\u00edos, lo que limita la cantidad de sedimentos arrastrados hacia las desembocaduras<\/span><\/b>. Tambi\u00e9n advierten que p<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ueden hundirse m\u00e1s a\u00fan si la captura de sedimentos aguas arriba persiste y sigue impidiendo el crecimiento y la amortiguaci\u00f3n de los deltas.<\/span><\/b> Por otra parte,<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> el aumento del nivel del mar<\/span><\/b>, como consecuencia del efecto invernadero, aumenta m\u00e1s la probabilidad de sufrir una inundaci\u00f3n en estas zonas vulnerables.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><br \/> Los r\u00edos m\u00e1s afectados son el Colorado, el Nilo, el Perla, el R\u00f3dano y el Yangtze, pero entre los deltas destaca el del <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">r\u00edo Chao Phraya, que fluye a trav\u00e9s de Bangkok. Su flujo de sedimentos se ha bloqueado casi totalmente por sacar agua para el riego, hacer presas, y desviar la corriente principal a trav\u00e9s de s\u00f3lo unos pocos canales<\/span><\/b>.<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\"> En algunos a\u00f1os, varias partes se han hundido 15 cent\u00edmetros en relaci\u00f3n con el nivel del mar<\/span><\/b>, un dato considerablemente mayor que la tasa global de aumento como consecuencia del cambio clim\u00e1tico (1,8-3,0 mil\u00edmetros por a\u00f1o).<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><br \/> El equipo identifica el Mekong y el delta del r\u00edo Perla, cerca de Hong Kong, como lugares donde e<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">s probable que sucedan cat\u00e1strofes similares<\/span><\/b> en el futuro.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><br \/> El estudio se ha publicado en la revista <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ngeo\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">&#8216;Nature Geoscience&#8217;<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.consumer.es\/web\/es\/medio_ambiente\/2009\/09\/21\/188122.php\">La inundaci\u00f3n de estas superficies se debe, sobre todo, a la intervenci\u00f3n humana<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\">Fecha de publicaci\u00f3n: 21 de septiembre de 2009. Fuente:<span style=\"color: green;\"> Consumer Eroski<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Las inundaciones de car\u00e1cter grave han afectado a lo largo de la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada al 85% de los grandes deltas fluviales del mundo. Una proyecci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica pronostica que los casos aumentar\u00e1n un 50% en las pr\u00f3ximas d\u00e9cadas, lo que pone en serio peligro de extinci\u00f3n estos h\u00e1bitats naturales \u00fanicos<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\">. As\u00ed lo confirma un estudio de la Universidad de Colorado (Estados Unidos), que publica la revista \u00abNature\u00bb en su \u00faltimo n\u00famero. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\">Los cient\u00edficos investigaron la situaci\u00f3n de 33 grandes deltas de todo el planeta a partir de mapas hist\u00f3ricos y de la observaci\u00f3n por sat\u00e9lite. El equipo, dirigido por el profesor James Syvitski, comprob\u00f3 que s\u00f3lo en nueve de estos deltas se mantiene el nivel del mar y que en otros cuatro el equilibrio est\u00e1 a punto de romperse, mientras que en el resto ha comenzado un proceso de \u00abrelativo hundimiento\u00bb. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">La inundaci\u00f3n de las superficies de los deltas \u00abse debe sobre todo a la intervenci\u00f3n humana\u00bb, de manera especial a \u00abla construcci\u00f3n de presas en las partes altas de las cuencas y al desv\u00edo de los caudales, que limitan la cantidad de nuevos sedimentos que llegan hasta los deltas\u00bb, explicaron los investigadores<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\">. \u00abEn algunos lugares <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">la exploraci\u00f3n en busca de petr\u00f3leo y gas tambi\u00e9n ha contribuido a un proceso de compactaci\u00f3n de los sedimentos\u00bb<\/span><\/b>, agregaron. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\">Los autores del trabajo indicaron que adem\u00e1s ser\u00e1 importante <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">calibrar en este siglo la respuesta de los deltas al incremento del nivel de los mares y oc\u00e9anos como consecuencia del <\/span><\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.consumer.es\/web\/es\/medio_ambiente\/2009\/09\/21\/%E2%80%9Dhttp:\/www.consumer.es\/web\/es\/medio_ambiente\/naturaleza\/2009\/06\/08\/185806.php%E2%80%9D\">calentamiento<\/a> de la atm\u00f3sfera derivado de la emisi\u00f3n de <a href=\"http:\/\/www.consumer.es\/web\/es\/medio_ambiente\/2009\/09\/21\/%E2%80%9Dhttp:\/www.consumer.es\/web\/es\/medio_ambiente\/urbano\/2007\/06\/18\/163831.php%E2%80%9D\">gases de efecto invernadero<\/a>. Todo parece indicar que este proceso <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">\u00abincrementar\u00e1 la posibilidad de que los caudales de los r\u00edos crezcan y que aumente el n\u00famero de tormentas, lo que inundar\u00e1 estas \u00e1reas vulnerables\u00bb<\/span><\/b>, apuntaron. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/That_sinking_feeling_worlds_deltas_subsiding_says_study_999.html\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">That sinking feeling: world&#8217;s deltas subsiding, says study<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">by Staff Writers; Paris (AFP) <\/span><st1:date year=\"2009\" day=\"20\" month=\"9\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Sept  20, 2009<\/span><\/st1:date><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br style=\"\"> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style=\"\"> <!--[endif]--><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">Worst hit will be Asia, but heavily populated and farmed deltas on every continent except Australia and Antarctica are in peril<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Two-thirds of the world&#8217;s major deltas, home to nearly half a billion people, are caught in the scissors of sinking land and rising seas, according to a study published Sunday. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The new findings, based on satellite images, show that 85 percent of the 33 largest delta regions experienced severe flooding over the past decade, affecting 260,000 square kilometres (100,000 square miles). <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Delta land vulnerable to serious flooding could expand by 50 percent this century if ocean levels increase as expected under moderate climate change scenarios, the study projects. Worst hit will be <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Asia<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, but heavily populated and farmed deltas on every continent except <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Australia<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Antarctica<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> are in peril, it says<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">On a five-tier scale, three of the eleven deltas in the highest-risk category are in China: the Yellow River delta in the north, the Yangtze River delta near Shanghai, and the Pearl River Delta next to Guangzhou.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Nile<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Egypt<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, the <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Chao Phraya<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Thailand<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and the <\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Rhone<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">River<\/span><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> delta in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">France<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> are also in the top tier of danger. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Just below these in vulnerability are seven other highly-populated deltas, including the <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Ganges<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Bangladesh<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, the <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Irrawaddy<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Myanmar<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> (<\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Burma<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">), the <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Mekong<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Vietnam<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and the <\/span><st1:state><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Mississippi<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:state><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> in the <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">United States<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">These flood plains and others all face a double-barrelled threat, reports the study, published in the journal Nature Geoscience.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">On the one side, a range of human activity &#8212; especially over the last half-century &#8212; has caused many delta regions to subside<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Without human interference, deltas naturally accumulate sediment as rivers swell and spread over vast areas of land. <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">But upstream damming and river diversions have held back the layers that would normally build up<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Intensive subsurface mining has also contributed mightily to the problem<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, notes the study, led by James Syvitski of the <\/span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Institute<\/span><\/st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">  of <\/span><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Arctic<\/span><\/st1:placename><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and Alpine Research at the <\/span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">  of <\/span><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Colorado<\/span><\/st1:placename><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">The <\/span><\/b><\/span><st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Chao Phraya<\/span><\/b><\/st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> delta, for example, has sunk 50 to 150 millimetres <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">(two to six inches) <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 153, 102);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">p<\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">er year as a result of groundwater withdrawal, while a 3.7-metre (12-foot) subsidence of the <\/span><\/b><st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Po<\/span><\/b><\/st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> Delta in <\/span><\/b><st1:country-region><st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Italy<\/span><\/b><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> during the 20th century was due to methane mining<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. Indeed, <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">oil and gas mining contribute to so-called \u00abaccelerated compaction\u00bb<\/span><\/b> in many of the most vulnerable deltas, according to the study, the first to analyse a decade&#8217;s worth of global daily satellite images. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">The other major threat is rising sea levels driven by global warming<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">In a landmark report in 2007, the UN&#8217;s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted oceans would rise by 18-59 centimetres (7.2 and 23.6 inches) by 2100. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">More recent studies that take into account the impact of melting icesheets in <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Greenland<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Antarctica<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> have revised that estimate upwards to at least a metre (39 inches) by century&#8217;s end. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The already <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">devastating impact of such increases will be amplified by more intense storms and hurricanes, along with the loss of natural barriers such as mangroves.<\/span><\/b> <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">In the <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Irrawaddy<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> delta the coastal surge caused by <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Cyclone Nargis last year flooded an area up to six metres (20 feet) above sea level, leaving 138,000 people dead or missing. \u00abAll trends point to ever-increasing areas of deltas sinking below mean sea level<\/span><\/b>,\u00bb the researchers concluded. \u00abIt remains alarming how often deltas flood, whether from land or from sea, and the trends seems to be worsening.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2009\/09\/090920204459.htm\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">World&#8217;s River Deltas Sinking Due To Human Activity, Says New Study<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: teal;\">ScienceDaily (Sep. 21, 2009)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"> \u2014 A new study led by the University of Colorado at Boulder indicates most of the world&#8217;s low-lying river deltas are sinking from human activity, making them increasingly vulnerable to flooding from rivers and ocean storms and putting tens of millions of people at risk.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">While the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report concluded many river deltas are at risk from sea level rise, the new study indicates other human factors are causing deltas to sink significantly<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">. The researchers concluded the sinking of deltas from Asia and India to the Americas is exacerbated by the upstream trapping of sediments by reservoirs and dams, man-made channels and levees that whisk sediment into the oceans beyond coastal floodplains, and the accelerated <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">compacting of floodplain sediment caused by the extraction of groundwater and natural gas<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The study concluded that 24 out of the world&#8217;s 33 major deltas are sinking and that 85 percent experienced severe flooding in recent years, resulting in the temporary submergence of roughly 100,000 square miles of land. <\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">About 500 million people in the world live on river deltas<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Published in the Sept. 20 issue of Nature Geoscience, the study was led by CU-Boulder Professor James Syvitski, who is directing a $4.2 million effort funded by the National Science Foundation to model large-scale global processes on Earth like erosion and flooding. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Known as the Community Surface Dynamic Modeling System, or CSDMS, the effort involves hundreds of scientists from dozens of federal labs and universities around the nation.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The Nature Geoscience authors predict that global delta flooding could increase by 50 percent under current projections of about 18 inches in sea level rise by the end of the century as forecast by the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. The flooding will increase even more if the capture of sediments upstream from deltas by reservoirs and other water diversion projects persists and prevents the growth and buffering of the deltas, according to the study.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u00abWe argue that the world&#8217;s low-lying deltas are increasingly vulnerable to flooding, either from their feeding rivers or from ocean storms,\u00bb said CU-Boulder Research Associate Albert Kettner, a co-author on the study at CU-Boulder&#8217;s Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and member of the CSDMS team. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00abThis study shows there are a host of human-induced factors that already cause deltas to sink much more rapidly than could be explained by sea level alone.\u00bb Other study co-authors include CU-Boulder&#8217;s Irina Overeem, Eric Hutton and Mark Hannon, G. Robert Brakenridge of Dartmouth College, John Day of Louisiana State University, Charles Vorosmarty of City College of New York, Yoshiki Saito of the Geological Survey of Japan, Liviu Giosan of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and Robert Nichols of the University of Southampton in England.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The team used satellite data from NASA&#8217;s Shuttle <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">Radar Topography Mission<\/span><\/b>, which carried a bevy of<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\"> radar instruments<\/span><\/b> that swept more than 80 percent of Earth&#8217;s surface during a 12-day mission of the space shuttle Endeavour in 2000. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">The researchers compared the SRTM data with historical maps published between 1760 and 1922.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00ab<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Every year, about 10 million people are being affected by storm surges,<\/span><\/b>\u00bb said CU-Boulder&#8217;s Overeem, also an INSTAAR researcher and CSDMS scientist. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u00abHurricane Katrina may be the best example that stands out in the United States, but flooding in the Asian deltas of Irrawaddy in Myanmar and the Ganges-Brahmaputra in India and Bangladesh have recently claimed thousands of lives as well.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">The researchers predict that similar disasters could potentially occur in the <\/span><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Pearl River<\/span><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> delta in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">China<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> and the <\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">M<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">ekong<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/st1:placename><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/b><st1:placetype><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">River<\/span><\/b><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> delta in <\/span><\/b><st1:country-region><st1:place><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Vietnam<\/span><\/b><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, where thousands of square miles are below sea level and the regions are hit by periodic typhoons<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00ab<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Although humans have largely mastered the everyday behaviour of lowland rivers, they seem less able to deal with the fury of storm surges that can temporarily raise sea level by three to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet),\u00bb<\/span><\/b> wrote the study authors. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u00abIt remains alarming how often deltas flood, whether from land or from sea, and the trend seems to be worsening.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00ab<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">We are interested in how landscapes and seascapes change over time, and how materials like water, sediments and nutrients are transported from one place to another<\/span><\/b>,\u00bb said Syvitski a geological sciences professor at CU-Boulder. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">\u00abThe CSDMS effort will give us a better understanding of Earth and allow us to make better predictions about areas at risk to phenomena like deforestation, forest fires, land-use changes and the impacts of climate change.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Journal reference:James P. M. Syvitski, Albert J. Kettner, Irina Overeem, Eric W. H. Hutton, Mark T. Hannon, G. Robert Brakenridge, John Day, Charles V\u00f6r\u00f6smarty, Yoshiki Saito, Liviu Giosan &amp; Robert J. Nicholls. Sinking deltas due to human activities. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Nature Geoscience, 2009; DOI: <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/ngeo629\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">10.1038\/ngeo629<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">; Adapted from materials provided by <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/news\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University of Colorado at Boulder<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, via <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">EurekAlert!<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Desde hace m\u00e1s de dos d\u00e9cadas vengo sosteniendo que la p\u00e9rdida y degradaci\u00f3n de los suelos y ecosistemas de humedales litorales son irreversibles. Cuando se me replicaba que muchos de aquellos se encuentran bajo figuras legales que intentan garantizar su protecci\u00f3n, alegaba que \u201cm\u00e1s de lo mismo\u201d. Dos son las principales razones. La degradaci\u00f3n por contaminaci\u00f3n (in situ, o de las aguas fluviales que drenan) es una de ellas, mientras que la p\u00e9rdida por la construcci\u00f3n, tierras adentro, de infraestructuras hidr\u00e1ulicas da cuenta de una buena parte de sus p\u00e9rdidas. Del mismo modo, la destrucci\u00f3n de sus ecosistemas protectores frente\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[590,594,612,613,600,592,593,585,617],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126602"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126602"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126602\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135011,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126602\/revisions\/135011"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126602"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=126602"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=126602"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}