{"id":128055,"date":"2009-11-03T15:10:00","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T15:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2009\/11\/03\/128055.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:54:32","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:54:32","slug":"contaminacion-ambiental-por-farmacos-y-depuracion-de-aguas-residuales-el-caso-del-tamiflu-y-la-gripe-ah1n1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2009\/11\/03\/128055","title":{"rendered":"Contaminaci\u00f3n Ambiental por F\u00e1rmacos y Depuraci\u00f3n de Aguas Residuales: El Caso del Tamiflu y la Gripe A\/H1N1"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"File-List\" href=\"file:\/\/\/C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJuanjo%5CCONFIG%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml\">\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;} @font-face \t{font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"; \tpanose-1:2 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:roman; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink \t{color:#0066CC; \tmso-text-animation:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-underline:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-line-through:none;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed \t{color:purple; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} @page Section1 \t{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; \tmargin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; \tmso-header-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-footer-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0pt; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} -->  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Bookman Old Style&quot;; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Nota para los m\u00e1s asiduos a esta bit\u00e1cora<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Bookman Old Style&quot;;\">: <i>A partir de hoy hasta la \u00faltima semana de noviembre (2009), estaremos de viaje, por lo que las fechas de los post (que se inscriben cuando el art\u00edculo se introduce en la Web) no corresponder\u00e1n con la del d\u00eda en que se editen). Se dieron confusiones anteriores y deseamos evitarlas en esta ocasi\u00f3n. Las pr\u00f3ximas diez entregas ya han sido incorporadas al sistema. Saludos<\/i>.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Bookman Old Style&quot;;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Bookman Old Style&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Bookman Old Style&quot;;\">Hace ya m\u00e1s de un a\u00f1o que le\u00ed que la Cuenca del R\u00edo Ebro se encontraba contaminada por productos cosm\u00e9ticos. Si ingiri\u00e9ramos aqu\u00e9l pescado, \u00bfpodr\u00eda olernos a los m\u00e1s variados aromas?. Obviamente creo que no, pero mejor no dar ideas, aunque sean est\u00fapidas. Mi hermana me envi\u00f3 hace unas semanas una noticia que he ido relegando. Casi mejor que actuara as\u00ed, por cuanto ha sido traducida al castellano por expertos. \u00a1Menos trabajo! En la noticia se nos habla de que el Tamiflu, antiretroviral que, como sab\u00e9is, es recomendado contra la gripe A\/H1N1. El ella se nos advert\u00eda que este f\u00e1rmaco se encuentra contaminando los r\u00edos, a pesar de sufrir el tratamiento de las aguas residuales de donde proceden. Este, como otras muchas drogas y antibi\u00f3ticos, pueden ser ingeridos por las aves, gener\u00e1ndose en ellas cepas virales con resistencias a los mismos en otros virus de la influenza, como son el estacional y el aviar. Ya sab\u00e9is que cerdos, humanos y aves, son tres reservorios de los virus de la gripe que pueden llegar a intercambiar material geon\u00f3mico entre s\u00ed, dando lugar a nuevas cepas resistentes. De este modo, los f\u00e1rmacos dejan de surtir efecto. \u00a1Menudo panorama! Y este es un tema de moda, lo cual indica que lo mismo ocurre con otros medicamentos, como los ya aludidos antibi\u00f3ticos. Vemos pues un claro mecanismo de c\u00f3mo se generan resistencia a estos \u00faltimos y los antivirales en la naturaleza \u201chumanizada\u201d. El problema reside en que las depuradoras de aguas residuales no lo \u201cretener todo\u201d, ni mucho menos. Tendremos que hablar del tema en otro post. <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/804\/o_Tamiflu%20y%20patos.jpg\" height=\"281\" width=\"432\"><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: blue;\">Contaminaci\u00f3n por Tamiflu.Fuente; <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.treehugger.com\/files\/2009\/10\/from-the-isnt-it-ironic-dept-clear-lake-worlds-most-mercury-polluted-lake.php\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Treehugger via<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/denjones\/191990564\/\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">denjones on Flickr.com<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <!--more--><link rel=\"File-List\" href=\"file:\/\/\/C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJuanjo%5CCONFIG%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml\"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"country-region\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"date\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"State\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"City\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceType\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceName\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"place\"><\/o:smarttagtype><!--[if !mso]><object  classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui><\/object> \n\n<style> st1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --><\/p>\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:Tahoma; \tpanose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:swiss; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:1627421319 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;} @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink \t{color:#0066CC; \tmso-text-animation:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-underline:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-line-through:none;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed \t{color:purple; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} pre \t{margin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Courier New\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @page Section1 \t{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; \tmargin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; \tmso-header-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-footer-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0pt; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} --><link rel=\"File-List\" href=\"file:\/\/\/C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJuanjo%5CCONFIG%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml\"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"country-region\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"date\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"State\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"City\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceType\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"PlaceName\"><\/o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" name=\"place\"><\/o:smarttagtype><!--[if !mso]><object  classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui><\/object> \n\n<style> st1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --><\/p>\n<style> <!--  \/* Font Definitions *\/  @font-face \t{font-family:Tahoma; \tpanose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:swiss; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:1627421319 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;} @font-face \t{font-family:\"Comic Sans MS\"; \tpanose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4; \tmso-font-charset:0; \tmso-generic-font-family:script; \tmso-font-pitch:variable; \tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  \/* Style Definitions *\/  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal \t{mso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmargin:0pt; \tmargin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink \t{color:#0066CC; \tmso-text-animation:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-underline:none; \ttext-decoration:none; \ttext-line-through:none;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed \t{color:purple; \ttext-decoration:underline; \ttext-underline:single;} @page Section1 \t{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; \tmargin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; \tmso-header-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-footer-margin:36.0pt; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 \t{page:Section1;} --> <\/style>\n<p><!--  \/* Style Definitions *\/  table.MsoNormalTable \t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\"; \tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-parent:\"\"; \tmso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; \tmso-para-margin:0pt; \tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";} -->  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">La noticia original de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Science News<\/span><\/b>, fue traducida posteriormente por <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">J. Torres<\/span><\/b> cuya redacci\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol-castellano resulta bastante deficiente (debo suponer que por las urgencias medi\u00e1ticas). He visto que, desde entonces, otros blogs se hac\u00edan eco de ella, como es el caso de <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"http:\/\/elbiruniblogspotcom.blogspot.com\/2009\/10\/oseltamivir-contaminacion-isid-japon.html\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"ES\">Cienciasmadicasnews<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\">, pero la han fusilado literalmente, como yo abajo. Pido disculpas. La noticia tambi\u00e9n se\u00f1ala que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">las personas que consumen tamiflu la excretan por la orina<\/span><\/b>. Ahora bien, las dosis de medicamentos no ingeridos, debido a la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">desidia de los ciudadanos<\/span><\/b> (al menos en muchos pa\u00edses como Espa\u00f1a), <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">pueden terminar finalmente en los vertederos en grandes cantidades, y mucho m\u00e1s tras<\/span><\/b> el p\u00e1nico que generan epidemias como estas. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Problema para el medio ambiente y la propia salud<\/span><\/b>. Os dejo la noticia original en suahili <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>(en \u00faltimo lugar), as\u00ed como la traducida por J. Torres. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Materia para la reflexi\u00f3n<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/rmcasturias.com\/documents\/Noticias\/n103.txt\">Traducci\u00f3n de J. Torres <\/a><\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\"><br \/> <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/rmcasturias.com\/documents\/Noticias\/n103.txt\">Un comunicado de ProMED-mail<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.promedmail.org\/\">http:\/\/www.promedmail.org<\/a> ProMED-mail es un programa de la Sociedad Internacional de Enfermedades Infecciosa; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.isid.org\/\">http:\/\/www.isid.org<\/a>; Fecha: 08 de octubre, 2009; Fuente: Science News; <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\"><span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>[Editado por J. Torres]<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">Tamiflu, la droga principal para combatir la influenza aviar, se encuentran en las aguas superficiales, donde los patos y otras aves acu\u00e1ticas que pueden ingerir. Si las aves mantener el virus de la influenza, estos virus pueden desarrollar resistencia al medicamento<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">El n\u00famero uno de medicamentos contra la influenza <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">est\u00e1 infectando a los r\u00edos aguas abajo de las aguas residuales tratamiento de aguas residuales<\/span><\/b>, confirman los investigadores en<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\"> Jap\u00f3n<\/span><\/b> Fuente: la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">excreci\u00f3n urinaria <\/span><\/b>de las personas que toman tratamiento con oseltamivir, conocido como Tamiflu.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Los investigadores ahora temen que las aves llevar la influenza naturalmente, est\u00e1n expuestos a los residuos al mar forma activa de Tamiflu y se puede desarrollar y difundir las drogas cepas resistentes de la influenza estacional y la influenza aviar<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">En el nuevo estudio, Gopal Ghosh y sus colegas en la <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Universidad de Kyoto<\/span><\/b> se recolectaron muestras de <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">agua residual de tres unidades locales de tratamiento de aguas residuales y otras muestras en diversos puntos a lo largo de los dos r\u00edos<\/span><\/b>, donde flu\u00eda el agua tratada. El muestreo se inici\u00f3 a principios de diciembre de 2008.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Si las correlaciones en estudios anteriores son correctas, las concentraciones medidas<\/span><\/b> en algunos lugares del r\u00edo, en el estudio parecen de Kyoto \u201c<b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">suficientemente altas para conducir a la resistencia a los antivirales en las aves acu\u00e1ticas<\/span><\/b>\u201d, dice Garc\u00eda.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Y el equipo de Kyoto no ha evaluado la situaci\u00f3n <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">durante una pandemia cuando las tasas de prescripci\u00f3n de Tamiflu puede ser 10 veces mayor<\/span><\/b>, dice von T\u00fcmpling. Una vez ingeridos, casi todos el <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Tamiflu terminar\u00e1 en el entorno de una manera activa<\/span><\/b>, de acuerdo con el producto qu\u00edmico Jerker Fick, de la Universidad de Ume\u00e5, Suecia. La raz\u00f3n: <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">Tamiflu se activa una vez que el cuerpo lo convierte en una forma de carboxilato. Aproximadamente el 80 por ciento de una dosis ingerida se convierte en este carboxilato, el cuerpo excreta todo<\/span><\/b>. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">El cuerpo libera el restante 20 por ciento de Tamiflu en su forma original, pero esta forma de fosfato se transforma de inmediato en la forma activa de carboxilato cuando llega a una estaci\u00f3n de tratamiento de agua<\/span><\/b>, dice.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Hace dos a\u00f1os, el equipo de Fick publicado datos que muestran que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">la mayor\u00eda de las tecnolog\u00edas de tratamiento de aguas residuales se eliminar\u00e1 \u201ccero por ciento\u201d de cualquier residuo de Tamiflu<\/span><\/b>. Adicionalmente,<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">los patos muestran preferencia por nadar en agua caliente, con abundancia de nutrientes, en las plantas de tratamiento durante la temporada de influenza del invierno<\/span><\/b>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">Si la resistencia al Tamiflu se desarrollan en las aves expuestas a las cepas de la influenza es probable que sean afectadas las cepas tradicionales de la influenza estacional y la influenza aviar, que mata a miles de personas cada a\u00f1o, no el H1N1. Esto es as\u00ed porque el H1N1 parece no depender de las aves al propagarse fundamentalmente de persona a persona<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">, dice William Schaffner, presidente de medicina preventiva en la Universidad de Vanderbilt en Nashville, Tennessee<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">Tambi\u00e9n se\u00f1ala que <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 102, 255);\">la pol\u00edtica de EE.UU. es m\u00e1s conservadora que la de Jap\u00f3n a la hora de usar la droga<\/span><\/b>. Los lineamientos federales, dice, que recomienda que \u201cTamiflu se reservar\u00e1 para el tratamiento del paciente que est\u00e1 gravemente inmunocomprometidos.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: teal;\">Fuente de la nota<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">: <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/view\/generic\/id\/47971\/title\/Excreted_Tamiflu_found_in_rivers\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"ES\">http:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/view\/generic\/id\/47971\/title\/Excreted_Tamiflu_found_in_rivers<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">; Comunicado por: Jaime R. Torres; ProMED-ESP; &lt;torresjaime@cantv.net&gt;<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial; color: green;\">(Comentario):<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">La colecci\u00f3n de muestras en Kyoto por los investigadores se inici\u00f3 a comienzos de diciembre 2008, cuando la temporada de transmisi\u00f3n de influenza estaba en progreso. El muestreo fue repetido durante el pico estacional a comienzos de febrero y de Nuevo, cuando las tasas de infecci\u00f3n se estaban revirtiendo.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>La forma activa del Tamiflu, el oseltamivir carboxilato, fue detecatdo en las muestras de la planta de tratamiento en todas las ocasione estuvieron en el un nivel bajo de nanogramos por litro durantela primera y la \u00faltima muestra, alcanzando un m\u00e1ximo de casi<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>300 ng\/L durante el pico de incidencia de influenza, en la semana epidemiol\u00f3gica cuando se reportaron<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>1.738 casos de influenza en Kyoto.<span style=\"\">&nbsp; <\/span>El reporte de estos hallazgos apareci\u00f3 en online el 28 de septiembre en Environmental Health Perspectives. <b style=\"\"><span style=\"color: green;\">Moderador Jaime R. Torres]<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p> <\/span><\/b><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\" lang=\"EN-GB\">OSELTAMIVIR CONTAMINATION, RIVERS &#8211; JAPAN<br \/> <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">A ProMED-mail post; &lt;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.promedmail.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.promedmail.org<\/a>&gt;; ProMED-mail is a program of the<br \/> International Society for Infectious Diseases: &lt;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.isid.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.isid.org<\/a>&gt;; Date: Wed <\/span><st1:date month=\"9\" day=\"30\" year=\"2009\"><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\">30 Sep 2009<\/span><\/st1:date><span style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;\"><br \/> <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <\/span><b style=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(68, 68, 68);\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/view\/generic\/id\/47971\/title\/Excreted_Tamiflu_found_in_rivers\">Excreted Tamiflu found in rivers<\/a><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Tamiflu [oseltamivir], the primary flu-fighting drug, is getting into surface waters where ducks and other water birds may pick it up. If the birds host influenza viruses, which many normally do, those viruses may develop a resistance to the drug, scientists now worry. The premier<br \/> flu-fighting drug is contaminating rivers downstream of sewage-treatment facilities, researchers in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Japan<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> confirm. The source: urinary excretion by people taking oseltamivir phosphate, better known as Tamiflu <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> Concerns are now building that birds, which are natural influenza carriers, are being exposed to waterborne residues of Tamiflu&#8217;s active form and might develop and spread drug-resistant strains of seasonal and avian flu.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> For their new study, Gopal Ghosh and his colleagues at <\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Kyoto<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">  <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">University<\/span><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> sampled water discharged from 3 local sewage treatment plants and water atseveral points along 2 rivers into which the treated water flowed. Sampling started early in December 2008, as the [seasonal] flu season got under way. The researchers sampled again at the height of the seasonal flu&#8217;s onslaught in early February [2009] and again as infection rates waned. Tamiflu&#8217;s active form, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), turned up in the treated sewageon every occasion, the researchers report online on <\/span><st1:date month=\"9\" day=\"28\" year=\"2009\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">28 Sep 2009<\/span><\/st1:date><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> in \u00abEnvironmental Health Perspectives\u00bb. Values were in the low nanograms per litre [ng\/l] range during the 1st and last samplings, and reached a high of almost 300 ng\/l at one outflow during the flu&#8217;s peak, a week when there were 1738 recorded flu cases in <\/span><st1:city><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Kyoto<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> River residues showed up during only that second sampling &#8212; from low nanogram levels at most sampling points to a high of 190 ng\/l in a portion of the Nishitakase River where treated sewage accounts for 90 per cent of the flow.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> Computer modeling has shown that OC should survive sewage treatment, notes Wolf von Tumpling Jr of the <\/span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Helmholtz<\/span><\/st1:placename><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">  <\/span><st1:placetype><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Center<\/span><\/st1:placetype><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> for Environmental Research, a Federal Institute in <\/span><st1:place><st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Magdeburg<\/span><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">,  <\/span><st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Germany<\/span><\/st1:country-region><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. Ghosh&#8217;s team is now the 1st to confirm this, he says. Von T\u00fcmpling&#8217;s own data show that once exposed to sunlight, OC will break down, albeit slowly. Concentrations would fall atbest by half every 3 weeks, he says.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> If correlations predicted by earlier studies are correct, concentrations measured at some river sites in the new <\/span><st1:city><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Kyoto<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> study seem \u00abhigh enough to lead to antiviral resistance in waterfowl,\u00bb Ghosh says. And the <\/span><st1:city><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Kyoto<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> team didn&#8217;t test during a pandemic, when Tamiflu prescription rates might be 10 times higher, von Tumpling notes.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> Indeed, the expected coincident hits by seasonal and H1N1 swine flu this winter could send Tamiflu use skyrocketing. In a <\/span><st1:date month=\"7\" day=\"14\" year=\"2009\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">14 Jul 2009<\/span><\/st1:date><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> letter, Food and Drug Administration deputy commissioner Joshua Sharfstein noted that \u00abthere is no adequate, approved, and available alternative to the emergency use of certain oseltamivir phosphate products for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> Once ingested, virtually all Tamiflu will end up in the environment in the active form, notes environmental chemist Jerker Fick of Umea University in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Sweden<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. The reason: Tamiflu becomes active once the body converts it into a carboxylate form. Roughly 80 per cent of an ingested dose becomes this OC, which the body eventually excretes. The body sheds the remaining 20 percent of Tamiflu in its original form, but this phosphate form is<br \/> immediately turned into the active, carboxylate form when it reaches a water treatment plant, he says.<\/p>\n<p> Two years ago, Fick&#8217;s team published data showing that most sewage-treatment technologies will remove \u00abzero per cent\u00bb of any OC present. And ducks love hanging out around warm, nutrient-rich outflows of treated water during winter-flu season. While sampling for waterborne OC last year [2008] in <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Japan<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">, \u00abI saw it myself,\u00bb he says.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> If Tamiflu resistance does develop in exposed birds, the affected flu strains will probably be conventional seasonal and avian flu strains, which claim thousands of lives each year, and not H1N1 [that is, pandemic (H1N1)2009 virus]. That&#8217;s because the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus seems to bypass birds as it spreads among people, notes William Schaffner, chair of<br \/> preventive medicine at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in <\/span><st1:place><st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Nashville<\/span><\/st1:city><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">,  <\/span><st1:state><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Tennessee<\/span><\/st1:state><\/st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> He also notes that <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">United   States<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"> policy is more conservative than <\/span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Japan<\/span><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">&#8216;s when it comes to Tamiflu use. Federal guidelines, he says, recommend that \u00abTamiflu be reserved for treatment of the very sick and anyone who isimmunocompromised.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> [byline: Janet Raloff]; communicated by: ProMED-mail correspondent Susan Baekeland<\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"\">&nbsp;<\/span>ProMED-mail makes every effort to &nbsp;verify &nbsp;the reports &nbsp;that are &nbsp;posted, &nbsp;but &nbsp;the &nbsp;accuracy &nbsp;and &nbsp;completeness &nbsp;of &nbsp;the information, &nbsp; and &nbsp;of &nbsp;any &nbsp;statements &nbsp;or &nbsp;opinions &nbsp;based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by &nbsp;ProMED-mail. &nbsp; ISID and &nbsp;its &nbsp;associated &nbsp;service &nbsp;providers &nbsp;shall not be &nbsp;held responsible for errors or omissions or &nbsp;held liable for &nbsp;any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon &nbsp;posted or archived material.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><br \/> Visit ProMED-mail&#8217;s web site at &lt;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.promedmail.org\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">http:\/\/www.promedmail.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">&gt;. Send all &nbsp;items &nbsp;for &nbsp; posting &nbsp;to: &nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"mailto:promed@promedmail.org\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">promed@promedmail.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">(NOT to &nbsp;an &nbsp;individual moderator). &nbsp;If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. &nbsp; Send commands to subscribe\/unsubscribe, &nbsp; get archives, help, etc. to: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"mailto:majordomo@promedmail.org\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">majordomo@promedmail.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">. &nbsp; &nbsp;For assistance from a human being send &nbsp;mail &nbsp;to: &nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\"><a href=\"mailto:owner-promed@promedmail.org\"><span style=\"\" lang=\"EN-GB\">owner-promed@promedmail.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;\" lang=\"EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nota para los m\u00e1s asiduos a esta bit\u00e1cora: A partir de hoy hasta la \u00faltima semana de noviembre (2009), estaremos de viaje, por lo que las fechas de los post (que se inscriben cuando el art\u00edculo se introduce en la Web) no corresponder\u00e1n con la del d\u00eda en que se editen). Se dieron confusiones anteriores y deseamos evitarlas en esta ocasi\u00f3n. Las pr\u00f3ximas diez entregas ya han sido incorporadas al sistema. Saludos. &nbsp; Hace ya m\u00e1s de un a\u00f1o que le\u00ed que la Cuenca del R\u00edo Ebro se encontraba contaminada por productos cosm\u00e9ticos. Si ingiri\u00e9ramos aqu\u00e9l pescado, \u00bfpodr\u00eda olernos a\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[594,615,595],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128055"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=128055"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135030,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128055\/revisions\/135030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=128055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=128055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}