{"id":130381,"date":"2009-12-22T11:20:00","date_gmt":"2009-12-22T11:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2009\/12\/22\/130381.aspx"},"modified":"2010-02-04T15:18:29","modified_gmt":"2010-02-04T14:18:29","slug":"las-reservas-alimentarias-graneros-y-los-inicios-del-neolitico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2009\/12\/22\/130381","title":{"rendered":"Las Reservas Alimentarias, Graneros y los Inicios del Neol\u00edtico"},"content":{"rendered":"

La secuencia de eventos, cambios culturales y tecnol\u00f3gicos acaecidos en la transici\u00f3n del Paleol\u00edtico (cazadores-recolectores) Neol\u00edtico (agricultura y ganader\u00eda) sigue siendo motivo de debate. Como incidiremos en otros post, las recientes excavaciones realizadas en los alrededores del Mar Muerto (Jordania) comienzan a aportar datos sorprendentes. Y sobre el que vamos a hablar hoy no resulta ser el m\u00e1s espectacular. Pronto lo veremos. La noticia de Sciencedaily nos informa de los graneros m\u00e1s antiguos descubiertos hasta la fecha, que datan entre los 11.500-10.500 a\u00f1os antes de Cristo, lo cual significa retrotraer su aparici\u00f3n un milenio antes de lo que se pensaba hasta la fecha. Los antrop\u00f3logos han venido asumiendo que, en un principio apareci\u00f3 la domesticaci\u00f3n y sobre ella se instauraron sistemas que, como los graneros, permitieron la reserva de alimentos. Investigaciones recientes, seg\u00fan Sciencedaily indican que bien pudiera haber ocurrido al rev\u00e9s. <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Cosecha de grano en el antiguo Egipto. Fuente: Whistory Units 1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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En efecto, los autores de tal investigaci\u00f3n defienden la existencia de graneros 1.000 a\u00f1os antes de la aparici\u00f3n de la cultura Neol\u00edtica<\/span><\/strong>, es decir de la domesticaci\u00f3n de animales y plantas. Por tanto, cabe pensar que la seguridad alimentaria antecedi\u00f3 a tal vital cambio en la historia de la humanidad<\/span><\/strong>. Personalmente, comienzo a dudar de su debi\u00e9ramos hablar de revoluci\u00f3n o de evoluci\u00f3n neol\u00edtica<\/span><\/strong>. Desde esta perspectiva, el dise\u00f1o de lugares en donde almacenar alimentos, pudiera haber sido el motor de la agricultura y no a la inversa<\/span><\/strong>. Se me antoja una idea muy plausible<\/span><\/strong>, por cuanto la producci\u00f3n de cosechas y el sedentarismo Neol\u00edtico demandaban reservar los excedentes, con vistas a consumirlos en las \u00e9pocas desfavorables. Recordemos tambi\u00e9n que otras especies del mundo animal se preocupan de acumular alimentos<\/span><\/strong> para consumirlos despu\u00e9s. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Se han encontrado pues en Jordania graneros elevados del suelo con vistas a que los roedores no dieran buena cuenta de<\/span><\/strong> tales manjares (los granos de cereales). <\/span>Y as\u00ed, aquellas sociedades primitivas pudieran alcanzar un mayor grado de sedentarismo, a pesar de no cultivar, sino de recolectar la comida,<\/span><\/strong> para despu\u00e9s reservar parte de la misma para los periodos del ciclo anual m\u00e1s desfavorables. Y al tener \u00e9xito en tal estrategia, no ser\u00eda descabellado pensar que fuera entonces cuando comenzaran una especie de protoagricultura,<\/span><\/strong> favoreciendo la extensi\u00f3n de las especies m\u00e1s deseadas en detrimento de las que no merec\u00edan su inter\u00e9s (como se ha detectado en las pr\u00e1cticas de ciertos pueblos abor\u00edgenes de Latinoam\u00e9rica: las denominadas reservas extractivas). Posteriormente, ya al menos con un cierto grado de \u201csoberan\u00eda alimentaria local\u201d, podr\u00edan haber comenzado a fijarse en el suelo y sus condiciones para la siembra<\/span><\/strong> de parte del grano previamente almacenado. Por ejemplo, es plausible que pudieran indagar bajo que suelos<\/span><\/strong> (en un sentido muy laxo) crec\u00edan y en cuales no<\/span><\/strong>. Como ya comentamos en otros post precedentes, el control del sistema suelo-planta es la clave del florecimiento de las culturas Neol\u00edticas. Quiz\u00e1s un sedentarismo la precediera<\/span><\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Sin embargo<\/span><\/strong>, recientes excavaciones, en la misma regi\u00f3n, muestran resultados aun m\u00e1s sorprendentes, de los que daremos cuenta en otro post.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Continuara<\/span><\/strong>\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/strong> <\/span> <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/span><\/p>\n

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World’s Oldest Known Granaries Predate <\/span>Agriculture<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 2009)<\/span><\/strong> \u2014 A new study coauthored by Ian Kuijt, associate professor of anthropology at the University of Notre Dame, describes recent excavations in Jordan<\/span><\/strong> that reveal evidence of the world’s oldest know granaries. The appearance of the granaries represents a critical evolutionary shift in the relationship between people and plant foods<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Anthropologists consider food storage to be a vital component in the economic and social package that comprises the Neolithic period, contributing to plant domestication, increasingly sedentary lifestyles and new social organizations. <\/span><\/strong>It has traditionally been assumed that people only started to store significant amounts of food when plants were domesticated<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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However, in a paper appearing in the June 23 edition of the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences<\/strong><\/span>, Kuijt and Bill Finlayson, director, Council for British Research in the Levant, describe recent excavations at Dhra’ near the Dead Sea in Jordan<\/span><\/strong> that provide evidence of granaries that precede the emergence of fully domesticated plants and large-scale sedentary communities by at least 1,000 years<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abThese granaries reflect new forms of risk reduction, intensification and low-level food production<\/span><\/strong>,\u00bb Kuijt said. <\/span>\u00abPeople in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Age (11,500 to 10,550 B.C.) were not using new food sources, but rather, by developing new storage methods<\/span><\/strong>, they altered their relationship with traditionally utilized food resources and created the technological context for later development of domesticated plants and an agro-pastoralist economy<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abBuilding granaries may, at the same time, have been the single most important feature in increasingly sedentism <\/span><\/strong>that required active community participation in<\/span><\/strong> new life-ways. \u00abDesigned with suspended floors for air circulation and protection from rodents, the granaries are located <\/span><\/strong>between residential structures that contain plant-processing instillations.<\/span><\/p>\n

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The new studies are a continuation of earlier research by Kuijt. As a graduate student from 1987-1995, he worked on and directed several field projects in Jordan that focused on the world’s first villages during the Neolithic Period<\/span><\/strong>. As part of this research, he did several days of excavation at Dhra’ with a Jordanian researcher. This was followed by several other field projects and by research from 2000 to 2005 with Finlayson.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abThese granaries are a critical fist step, if not the very evolutionary and technological foundation, for the development of large agricultural villages that appear by 9,500 to 9,000 years ago across the Near East<\/span><\/strong>,\u00bb Kuijt said. <\/span>\u00abIn many ways food storage is the missing link that helps us understand how so many people were able to live together.<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>And much to our surprise, it appears that they developed this technology at least a 1,000 years before anyone thought they did<\/span><\/strong>.\u00bb The Dhra’ research was funded by grants from Notre Dame, the National Science Foundation and the <\/span>British<\/span> <\/span>Academy<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kuijt, who joined the Notre Dame faculty in 2001, has worked extensively on Old and <\/span>New World<\/span> research projects. <\/span>His research interests include the emergence of social inequality, prehistoric mortuary practices, the origins of agriculture, paleoenvironmental change and human adaptations, and lithic technology, He is the co-editor of \u00abComplex Hunter Gathers: Evolution and Organization of Prehistoric Communities on the Plateau of Northwestern North America\u00bb and \u00abLife in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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Adapted from<\/span><\/strong> materials provided by <\/span>University of Notre Dame<\/span><\/a><\/span>. Original article written by William G. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La secuencia de eventos, cambios culturales y tecnol\u00f3gicos acaecidos en la transici\u00f3n del Paleol\u00edtico (cazadores-recolectores) Neol\u00edtico (agricultura y ganader\u00eda) sigue siendo motivo de debate. Como incidiremos en otros post, las recientes excavaciones realizadas en los alrededores del Mar Muerto (Jordania) comienzan a aportar datos sorprendentes. Y sobre el que vamos a hablar hoy no resulta ser el m\u00e1s espectacular. Pronto lo veremos. La noticia de Sciencedaily nos informa de los graneros m\u00e1s antiguos descubiertos hasta la fecha, que datan entre los 11.500-10.500 a\u00f1os antes de Cristo, lo cual significa retrotraer su aparici\u00f3n un milenio antes de lo que se pensaba\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[599,613,597,600],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130381"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130381"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135207,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130381\/revisions\/135207"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=130381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}