{"id":130638,"date":"2010-01-03T09:33:00","date_gmt":"2010-01-03T09:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2010\/01\/03\/130638.aspx"},"modified":"2010-02-04T18:35:12","modified_gmt":"2010-02-04T17:35:12","slug":"suelos-y-bacterias-resistentes-a-los-antibioticos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2010\/01\/03\/130638","title":{"rendered":"Suelos y Bacterias Resistentes a los Antibi\u00f3ticos"},"content":{"rendered":"

He insistido a diversos expertos en medicina, sobre el posible potencial del suelo para generar bacterias multiresistentes a los antibi\u00f3ticos durante a\u00f1os. \u00a1Ni caso!. Intent\u00e9 tambi\u00e9n que los colegas edaf\u00f3logos que pertenecen a facultades de farmacia, investigaran este tema, dando una nueva salida a sus intereses profesionales. \u00a1Ni modo!, como se dir\u00eda en M\u00e9xico. El 24 de diciembre de 2009, Science Daily, public\u00f3 una nota de prensa en la que nos alerta del incesante incremento de este preocupante tipo de microorganismos en el suelo. Si el medio ed\u00e1fico recibe incesantemente el insumo de tales f\u00e1rmacos, y genes resistentes a los mismos, se convierte en una f\u00e1brica o reactor de pat\u00f3genos que atentan contra la salud de la naturaleza y del propio hombre. El problema de sanitario inducido es grav\u00edsimo. Los datos dan cuenta del mismo. Regar con aguas residuales (no depuradas), el sistem\u00e1tico uso de antibi\u00f3ticos en la alimentaci\u00f3n del ganado, as\u00ed como el cultivo de ciertas variedades transg\u00e9nicas comienza a causar estragos en el suelo y de ah\u00ed a envenenar toda la cadena tr\u00f3fica<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Microorganismos del suelo. Fuente: SCivee<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span>Cuando analizamos el DNA extra\u00eddo de muestras de suelos y lo comparamos con los de d\u00e9cadas procedentes<\/span><\/strong>, se constata un alarmante incremento de genes con resistencia a los antibi\u00f3ticos<\/span><\/strong>. Es bien conocido el flujo horizontal de genes en el mundo microbiano<\/span><\/strong>. Si bacterias <\/span><\/strong>que poseen material gen\u00e9tico resistente se reproducen en el suelo<\/span><\/strong>, a menudo, intercambien este con otras<\/span><\/strong>, generando que la resistencia y multiresistencia se expanda entre las comunidades microbianas ed\u00e1ficas<\/span><\/strong>. Debe tenerse en cuenta que la concentraci\u00f3n de microorganismos por gramo de suelo excede con creces a los de las aguas<\/span><\/strong> (se encuentran mucho m\u00e1s \u201capretaditos\u201d en el espacio). El suelo<\/span><\/strong>, por su composici\u00f3n salina, clima temperado y abundancia en microorganismos, puede llegar a ser un caldo de cultivo formidable para la producci\u00f3n de g\u00e9rmenes<\/span><\/strong>. Al suelo van a parar los excrementos del ganado alimentado<\/span><\/strong> por antibi\u00f3ticos<\/span><\/strong>, as\u00ed como el material transg\u00e9nico<\/span><\/strong> que atesoran algunos plantas generadas por las factor\u00edas biotecnol\u00f3gicas. M\u00e1s aun, el riego con aguas residuales urbanas<\/span><\/strong> tambi\u00e9n puede aportar antibi\u00f3ticos y bacterias resistentes a los mismos. <\/span>Y al cocinar este potaje el resultado era m\u00e1s que previsible<\/span><\/strong>. Los recursos ed\u00e1ficos no son un vertedero, pero en ello estamos bajo sistemas de gesti\u00f3n insustentables<\/span><\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Lo dicho, la agricultura industria<\/span><\/strong>l, insustentable desde cualquier punto de vista, est\u00e1 convirtiendo el suelo en una factor\u00eda mortal que envenena y contamina toda la cadena tr\u00f3fica (qu\u00edmica y biol\u00f3gicamente).<\/span><\/strong> No pod\u00edamos estar construyendo una bomba biol\u00f3gica<\/span><\/strong> con mayor eficiencia si nos lo propusi\u00e9ramos (intencionadamente). O cambiamos radicalmente nuestra agricultura y usos del suelo o el problema <\/span><\/strong>para la humanidad ser\u00e1 may\u00fasculo<\/span><\/strong>. De nuevo, la farmaindustria y la agroindustria<\/span><\/strong> emergen como l\u00edderes indiscutibles de la insustentabilidad.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Soil Studies Reveal Rise in Antibiotic Resistance<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

ScienceDaily (Dec. 24, 2009)<\/span><\/strong> \u2014 Antibiotic resistance in the natural environment is rising<\/span><\/strong> despite tighter controls over our use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture<\/span><\/strong>, Newcastle University scientists have found.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bacterial DNA extracted from soil samples collected between 1940 and 2008 has revealed a rise in background levels of antibiotic resistant genes<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Newcastle<\/span> <\/span>University<\/span>‘s Professor David Graham, who led the research, said the findings suggest an emerging threat to public and environmental health in the future<\/span><\/strong>. \u00abOver the last few decades there has been growing concern about increasing antibiotic resistance and the threat it poses to our health<\/span><\/strong>, which is best evidenced by MRSA,\u00bb explained Professor Graham, who is based in the <\/span>School<\/span> of <\/span>Civil Engineering<\/span> and Geosciences at <\/span>Newcastle<\/span> <\/span>University<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abDespite increasingly stringent controls on our use of antibiotics, the background level of antibiotic resistant genes<\/span><\/strong>, which are markers for potential resistance, continues to rise in soils<\/span>.\u00bb \u00abThis increases the chances of a resistant gene in a harmless bacteria being passed onto a disease-causing pathogen, such as a MRSA, with obvious consequences<\/span><\/strong>.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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Published online this week in the academic journal Environmental Science and Technolog<\/span><\/strong>y, the report uses data taken from five sites in the <\/span><\/strong><\/span>Netherland<\/span><\/strong>s<\/span>. The team found that 78 per cent of genes from four classes of antibiotics showed increasing levels since 1940 — despite continued efforts to reduce environmental levels<\/strong>. <\/span>Professor Graham said the next step would be to analyse soil samples from other parts of the world, although he expects to see similar results<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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He adds: \u00abThe big question is that with more stringent European regulations and greater emphasis on conservative antibiotic use in agriculture and medicine, why are antibiotic resistant gene levels still rising?\u00bb \u00abWhatever the cause, this rise suggests an ever increasing risk of resistant genes being passed from environmental organisms to organisms of greater health concern<\/span><\/strong>.\u00bb Professor Graham contends that more complementary studies are desperately needed between environmental and public health researchers to determine whether this increasing ‘pool’ of resistance is actually contributing to harmful bacteria, such as MRSA.<\/span><\/p>\n