{"id":136813,"date":"2010-08-20T11:35:56","date_gmt":"2010-08-20T10:35:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=136813"},"modified":"2010-08-20T11:35:56","modified_gmt":"2010-08-20T10:35:56","slug":"vegetacion-de-ribera-y-contaminacion-de-suelos-y-aguas-los-filtros-vegetativos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2010\/08\/20\/136813","title":{"rendered":"Vegetaci\u00f3n de Ribera y Contaminaci\u00f3n de Suelos y Aguas (Los Filtros Vegetativos)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Casi todos los cauces fluviales y arroyos se encuentran bordeados por una o varias franjas de vegetaci\u00f3n espec\u00edficas<\/span><\/strong>, es decir por comunidades vegetales que se diferencian de las que acaecen sin la influencia de la humedad del suelo que se disfruta en las cercan\u00edas de la red hidrogr\u00e1fica. La agricultura moderna<\/span><\/strong> y otras pr\u00e1cticas antr\u00f3picas las eliminaron<\/span><\/strong> en gran medida. La ciencia moderna a redescubierto su papel. \u00daltimamente, diversas empresas comienzan a comercializarlas, con vistas a mitigar problemas ambientales como<\/span><\/strong> la contaminaci\u00f3n de aguas por pesticidas, epidemias humanas, plagas vegetales, control de la erosi\u00f3n, etc. Una vez m\u00e1s, redescubrimos la p\u00f3lvora. M\u00e1s valiera haber conservado los ecosistemas naturales cuyos intentos de reestructuraci\u00f3n resultan ser sumamente onerosos<\/span><\/strong>. \u201cPrimero dispara y luego pregunta\u201d, parece ser el lema de la agricultura industrial. El suelo bajo tales ecosistemas, tanto como la vegetaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/strong>, son pues de<\/span> vital importancia para reducir el impacto ambiental de nuestras actividades<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"filtros-vegetativos-fuente-lake-country\"\u00a0<\/p>\n

Filtros Vegetativos o Vegetated filter strips. Fuente: Lake Country<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Las estructuras naturales, cuando son arb\u00f3reas, han sido denominadas bosques en galer\u00eda<\/a>, ripisilvas<\/a>, vegetaci\u00f3n de ribera<\/a>, etc. Sin embargo, pueden ser de naturaleza muy variada dependiendo, del clima, el caudal (continuo, estacional, ef\u00edmero o espor\u00e1dico), etc., Ni tan siquiera resulta necesario que acarreen agua superficial durante a\u00f1os. A partir de ahora la ciencia las denominar\u00e1 VFH, \u00bf?<\/span> <\/strong>como veremos abajo. Lamentable. \u00a1Elogio a la tontuna!, una vez m\u00e1s.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0Digamos antes de empezar que este post complementa<\/span><\/strong> la incomprensible noticia que publico el noticiero ARS y de la que ya hablamos en nuestra entrega: \u201cLos Super Calcetines\u201d Anticontaminantes<\/span><\/strong>\u201d. Comparen las diferencias.<\/p>\n

\"vegetative-filter-strips-filtros-vegetativos-tulsa-county-conservation-district\"\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Filtros Vegetativos o Vegetated filter strips. Fuente: Tulsa County Conservation District<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0La vegetaci\u00f3n de estos reductos act\u00faa como trampa de sedimentos de materia particulada<\/strong> <\/span>(org\u00e1nica y mineral), evitando la erosi\u00f3n de los m\u00e1rgenes del cauce y\/o tierras cultivadas aleda\u00f1as<\/span><\/strong>, as\u00ed como mejorando la calidad de sus suelos<\/strong>.<\/span> Sin embargo, tanto esta flora como los suelos que la sustentan, funcionan como verdaderos filtros naturales que tambi\u00e9n retienen pesticidas, fertilizantes, pat\u00f3genos de plantas, animales, y del propio ser humano<\/span><\/strong>. De este modo, su presencia ayuda, en gran medida, a que el agua de los cauces fluviales resulte ser mucho m\u00e1s limpia, sana y transparente<\/span><\/strong> que sin su existencia. Muchas de esas escenas que se ven durante las inundaciones, cargadas de espesas aguas rojizas o amarillentas, lo ser\u00edan menos de haberse preservado la vida que se desarrollaba espont\u00e1neamente en los aleda\u00f1os de cauces y arroyos. Empero a la agricultura industrial, tales entes les resultaban molestos con vistas a la mecanizaci\u00f3n del agro<\/span><\/strong>, por lo que las arrancaron sin piedad. \u00bfRaz\u00f3n?: Esas dichosas maquinarias agrarias que tanto da\u00f1o han realizado a los suelos y paisajes con vistas a homogeneizarlo todo. Se trata de una eco-delincuencia permitida<\/span><\/strong> (suma de ignorancia y arrogancia), del mismo tipo que padecieron los<\/strong> <\/span>setos verdes<\/a>, o setos vivos<\/a>, bocages<\/a> y bosques adehesados<\/a> y dehesas<\/a> de buena parte de Europa. As\u00ed devastamos en aras del progreso para intentar reconstruir en pro del medio ambiente<\/span><\/strong>, de mala manera, lo que la naturaleza realiza por si misma a la perfecci\u00f3n. En el mejor de los casos, lograremos emular \u201calgo\u201d de lo que ya realizaban la vegetaci\u00f3n original y el suelo intacto, pero ni mucho menos en su totalidad. Eso s\u00ed, antes gratis y actualmente a precios desorbitados<\/span><\/strong>, que solo pueden permitirse los grandes hacendados. \u00bfDesarrollo sostenible o estupidez sin fronteras?<\/p>\n

\"vegetative-filter-strips-the-ohio-state-university\"\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Filtros Vegetativos o Vegetated filter strips. Fuente: The Ohio State University<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0Una de las notas de prensa, tambi\u00e9n indica que tales filtros vegetativos pueden ser pastados en \u201cciertas circunstancias\u201d<\/span><\/strong>, ni m\u00e1s ni menos de lo que he visto durante decenios en los paisajes espa\u00f1oles (y con toda seguridad de otras partes del mundo). Supongo que todo depender\u00e1 de que la vegetaci\u00f3n que constituye el filtro no retenga en sus tejidos una excesiva cantidad de sustancias t\u00f3xicas.\u00a0 Obviamente, tambi\u00e9n incrementar\u00e1n la biodiversidad de la vida silvestre<\/span><\/strong>, incluyendo animales que pudieran ayudar a controlar ciertas epidemias de los cultivos<\/span><\/strong> vecinos.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Este nuevo agronegocio \u201cpseudoverde\u201d se encuentra en auge<\/span><\/strong>, al menos en EE.UU., habiendo mostrado que ayuda a paliar la<\/span> contaminaci\u00f3n ambiental<\/span><\/strong>. La creaci\u00f3n de tales estructuras artificiales, denominadas<\/span><\/strong> Vegetated filter strips<\/a> (VFS)<\/strong>,\u00a0 suelen ir acompa\u00f1adas de la modificaci\u00f3n de los suelos con vistas a mejorar su papel tamp\u00f3n, al parecer de la adicci\u00f3n de ciertas sustancias floculantes<\/span><\/strong> que colaboran en la precipitaci\u00f3n de los materiales mentados. No albergo duda de que el agua que alcance los cauces se encontrar\u00e1 m\u00e1s depurada que sin la presencia de los VFH. Ahora bien, destruir primero, para vender algo despu\u00e9s de peor calidad y a costos desorbitados, tan solo muestra el desvar\u00edo humano en pro del denominado desarrollo sostenible.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Pinchando en el t\u00edtulo de la primera noticia, pod\u00e9is visitar la p\u00e1gina Web de la que se puede bajar el art\u00edculo original de mi amigo Yakov sin cargo alguno.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Uncertainty Evaluation of Coliform Bacteria Removal from Vegetated Filter Strip under Overland Flow Condition<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0A. K. Guber, A. M. Yakirevich, A. M. Sadeghi, Y. A. Pachepsky<\/strong> and D. R. Shelton . Vegetated filter strips<\/a> (VFS) have become an important component of water quality improvement by reducing sediment and nutrients transport to surface water<\/strong>. This management practice is also beneficial for controlling manure-borne pathogen transport to surface water<\/strong>. The objective of this work was to assess the VFS efficiency and evaluate the uncertainty in predicting the microbial pollutant removal from overland flow<\/strong> in VFS. We used the kinematic wave overland flow model as implemented in KINEROS2 coupled with the convective-dispersive overland transport model which accounts for the reversible attachment-detachment and surface straining of infiltrating bacteria. The model was successfully calibrated with experimental data obtained from a series of simulated rainfall experiments at vegetated and bare sandy loam and clay loam plots, where fecal coliforms were released from manure slurry applied on the top of the plots<\/strong>. The calibrated model was then used to assess the sensitivity of the VFS efficiency to the model parameters, rainfall duration, and intensity for a case study with a 6-m VFS placed at the edge of 200-m long field. The Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the VFS efficiency given the uncertainty in the model parameters and key inputs. The VFS efficiency was found to be <95% in 25%, <75% in 23%, and <25% in 20% of cases. Relatively long high-intensity rainfalls, low hydraulic conductivities, low net capillary drives of soil, and high soil moisture contents before rainfalls caused the partial failure of VFS to retain coliforms from the infiltration excess runoff.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Abbreviations: CFU, colony forming units; FC, fecal coliform; PDF, probability distribution function;\u00a0 VFS, vegetated filter strip.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Vegetative Filter Strips: Application, Installation and Maintenance<\/a><\/h2>\n

\u00a0The loss of sediment, plant nutrients and crop protection products, such as pesticides, from cropland has been identified as a significant environmental problem<\/strong>. Researchers, and state and federal agencies, have developed best management practices (BMPs) to help control the movement of potential agricultural pollutants into water resources. Vegetative filter strips have been identified as a BMP that has the potential to remove substantial amounts of sediment, and some nutrients and pesticides, from cropland and urban runoff<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Understanding the proper application, installation and maintenance aspects of filter strips is important for the landowner or farmer, especially before investing time and money. This publication summarizes the key aspects of the application, installation and maintenance of filter strips for Ohio conditions. Filter-strip function<\/strong> and some research findings from across the United States are included<\/strong>. This fact sheet is intended for farmers and landowners who have a basic knowledge of best management practices, and for educational, technical and regulatory agency personnel who work with farmers and landowners in Ohio.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Extension Fact Sheet AEX-466 provides a general overview of filter strips<\/strong>, and AEX-468 summarizes the economic benefits of various filter strip options compared to a corn-soybean rotation<\/strong>. In addition, much of the water terminology used in this publication is defined in AEX-460. These and other publications are available through your county office of Ohio State University Extension. For technical assistance with the planning, design and layout of a filter strip, contact your county USDA-Soil Conservation Service (SCS) office.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Filter Strips<\/span><\/h2>\n

Filter strips are land areas of either planted or indigenous vegetation, situated between a potential, pollutant-source area and a surface-water body that receives runoff<\/strong> (Figure 1). The term ‘buffer strip’ is sometimes used interchangeably with filter strip<\/strong>, but filter strip is the preferred usage. Runoff may carry sediment and organic matter, and plant nutrients and pesticides that are either bound to the sediment or dissolved in the water<\/strong>. A properly designed and operating filter strip provides water-quality protection by reducing the amount of sediment, organic matter, and some nutrients and pesticides, in the runoff at the edge of the field, and before the runoff enters the surface-water body<\/strong>. Filter strips also provide localized erosion protection since the vegetation covers an area of soil that otherwise might have a high erosion potential<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Often constructed along stream, lake, pond or sinkhole boundaries, filter strips installed on cropland not only help remove pollutants from runoff, but also serve as habitat for wildlife<\/strong>, and provide an area for field turn rows and haymaking. In some instances, a filter strip could be used as pasture in a controlled-grazing, livestock management system, if livestock are kept fenced out of the stream or lake<\/strong>. Additionally, filter strips may provide increased safety by moving machinery operations away from steep stream and ditch banks<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n en este documento: Vegetative Filter Strips<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Casi todos los cauces fluviales y arroyos se encuentran bordeados por una o varias franjas de vegetaci\u00f3n espec\u00edficas, es decir por comunidades vegetales que se diferencian de las que acaecen sin la influencia de la humedad del suelo que se disfruta en las cercan\u00edas de la red hidrogr\u00e1fica. La agricultura moderna y otras pr\u00e1cticas antr\u00f3picas las eliminaron en gran medida. La ciencia moderna a redescubierto su papel. \u00daltimamente, diversas empresas comienzan a comercializarlas, con vistas a mitigar problemas ambientales como la contaminaci\u00f3n de aguas por pesticidas, epidemias humanas, plagas vegetales, control de la erosi\u00f3n, etc. Una vez m\u00e1s, redescubrimos la\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[596,603,594,591,599,589,587,600,592,585],"tags":[46769,46850,46849,2132,2133],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136813"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136813"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136813\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":136934,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136813\/revisions\/136934"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136813"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136813"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136813"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}