{"id":140153,"date":"2011-08-16T12:44:49","date_gmt":"2011-08-16T11:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=140153"},"modified":"2011-08-18T14:16:47","modified_gmt":"2011-08-18T13:16:47","slug":"arqueorizomicetos-una-nueva-clase-de-hongos-pero-muy-comun-del-suelo-identificada-y-clasificada-por-primera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2011\/08\/16\/140153","title":{"rendered":"Arqueorizomicetos: Una Nueva Clase de Hongos del Suelo (pero muy com\u00fan) Identificada y Clasificada por Primera Vez"},"content":{"rendered":"

El t\u00edtulo de la noticia parece contradictorio, pero no lo es. Descubrir una nueva \u201cclase\u201d que no especies, g\u00e9neros, familias, \u00a0se considera un gran \u00a0hallazgo taxon\u00f3mico. \u00bfY como se sab\u00eda que su presencia era tan frecuente?. \u00a1Sencillo!<\/strong><\/span>. Las muestras de DNA de muchas muestras de suelo analizadas previamente conten\u00edan<\/strong><\/span> secuencias de sus nucle\u00f3tidos que han logrado asociarse a este hongo que solo esporula (desprende las esporas) en el interior del suelo. Como su denominaci\u00f3n indica, debe tratarse de una clase que muestra caracteres muy antiguos<\/strong><\/span> (\u201carqueo\u201d). Su detecci\u00f3n se realiz\u00f3 cuando se analizaban las micorrizas <\/strong><\/span>de ciertas con\u00edferas, lo cual no significa que hasta la fecha se tenga constancia de sus h\u00e1bitos alimentarios y ecol\u00f3gicos<\/strong><\/span>. Los autores detectaron mediante microscop\u00eda que era una forma extra\u00f1a, filamentosa, no conocida<\/a> por la ciencia y luego (\u2026) Su aislamiento, permiti\u00f3 cultivarlo in vitro, constat\u00e1ndose que se se trataba de\u00a0un organismo de crecimiento lento que puede \u201ccriarse\u201d en medios de cultivo a base glucosa y celulosa. Todo apunta a que estamos ante\u00a0un hongo com\u00fan, asociado a la descomposici\u00f3n de los restos vegetales<\/strong><\/span>. Tal descubrimiento ha sido publicado en la revista Science<\/strong><\/span>. Ahora deber\u00e1 analizarse su papel en el medio ed\u00e1fico, as\u00ed como investigar si se trata de una clase monoespec\u00edfica, o atesora varias especies, g\u00e9neros, familias, \u00f3rdenes, etc. \u00a0Ya os hemos comentado que, conforme avance la <\/strong><\/span>bioprospecci\u00f3n del suelo<\/a>, con toda seguridad, la ciencia se llevar\u00e9 enormes sorpresas<\/strong>. El problema estriba tanto en<\/strong><\/span> la incomprensible falta de inter\u00e9s por estudiar la biolog\u00eda del suelo, como por su dificultad, ya que es\u00a0un medio poroso y heterog\u00e9neo, pero tambi\u00e9n opaco. Entiendo que a los cient\u00edficos que han llevado a cabo el estudio les ha sonre\u00eddo la diosa fortuna, por cuanto los expertos reconocen que el problema para detectar muchas formas de vida ed\u00e1fica estriba en que no crecen en los medios de cultivo convencionales, por lo que resulta muy\u00a0dif\u00edcil detectar y catalogar la biodiversidad del suelo. Pura serendipia<\/a>\u00a0(analizaban micorrizas), pero as\u00ed se encuentran muchas nuevas formas de vida. Abajo os incluyo la nota de prensa de Sciencedaily<\/strong><\/span>. \u00a0\u00a0Posiblemente lo hemos pisado en numerosas ocasiones, adhiri\u00e9ndose a los zapatos de numeros\u00edsimos ciudadanos<\/strong><\/span> que paseaban, o trabajaban en el campo.<\/p>\n

Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"arqueorizomicetos-finlayi_sem_mycelrgb\"<\/p>\n

Archaeorhizomycetes. Fuente: expertsvar<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0Hidden Soil Fungus, Now Revealed, Is in a Class All Its Own<\/a><\/h3>\n

ScienceDaily (Aug. 11, 2011)<\/strong><\/span> \u2014 A type of fungus that’s been lurking underground for millions of years, previously known to science only through its DNA, has been cultured, photographed, named and assigned a place on the tree of life<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Researchers say it represents an entirely new class of fungi<\/strong>: the Archaeorhizomycetes<\/strong>. Like the discovery of a weird type of aquatic fungus <\/strong>that made headlines a few months ago, this finding offers a glimpse at the rich diversity of microorganisms that share our world but remain hidden from view.<\/p>\n

The fungal phenomenon<\/strong>, brought to light by researchers at the University of Michigan, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the Imperial College London and Royal Botanic Gardens and the University of Aberdeen, is described in the Aug. 12 issue of the journal Science<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"arqueorezonicetos-fuente-science\"<\/p>\n

Arequeorizomicetos. Fuente: Science<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Although unseen until recently, the fungus was known to be extremely common in soil<\/strong>. Its presence was detected in studies of environmental DNA<\/strong> — genetic material from a living organism that is detected in bulk environmental samples, such as samples of the soil or water in which the organism lives<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00abYou couldn’t really sample the soil without finding evidence of it<\/strong>,\u00bb said Timothy James, a U-M assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and an assistant curator at the university’s herbarium. \u00abSo people really wanted to know what it looks like.\u00bb<\/p>\n

That became possible thanks to the work of the Swedish researchers, led by mycologist Anna Rosling. The researchers were studying mycorrhizae — fungi that colonize plant roots — when they discovered that some root tips harbored not only the mycorrhizae they were interested in, but also an unfamiliar fungus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00abWhen culturing mycorrhizal fungi from coniferous roots<\/strong> we were exited to find that one of the cultures represented this unfamiliar fungus<\/strong>,\u00bb said Anna Rosling.<\/p>\n

Later the culture was identified as a member of Soil Clone Group 1 (SCG1), a ubiquitous but enigmatic lineage known only from environmental DNA<\/strong>. It’s not especially impressive to look at, James concedes: \u00abIt doesn’t make some crazy structure that nobody’s ever seen.\u00bb But simply seeing and photographing a form of life that’s been invisible until now is cause for excitement<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Having in hand a member of the elusive fungal group, the Swedish scientists and their collaborators have been able to study the group in more detail than ever before possible, using electron microscopy, DNA sequencing and in vitro growth studies to characterize i<\/strong>t. The fungus they cultured is a slow-growing form that produces none of the typical aerial or aquatically dispersed spores most fungi typically reproduce with<\/strong>, suggesting it seldom if ever sees the light of day.<\/p>\n

\u00abBy finding that it is slow growing and only produces spores in the soil<\/strong>, we can provide an explanation for why it has taken so long to be cultured,\u00bb James said. The researchers also performed experiments aimed at understanding how the fungus, dubbed Archaeorhizomyces finlayi<\/em><\/strong>, interacts with the environment and with other organisms.<\/p>\n

\u00abWe don’t have any evidence that it’s pathogenic; we don’t have any evidence that it’s mutualistic and doing anything beneficial for the plant<\/strong>,\u00bb James said. \u00abIt’s a little bit of a boring fungus.\u00bb It may, however, help break down and recycle dead plants, a common — and extremely important — job for fungi<\/strong>. Hints of this role come from the observation that A. finlayi<\/em> grows in the lab if provided with food in the form of glucose or cellulose<\/strong> (the main structural component of plant cell walls).<\/p>\n

\u00abBecause it is so common in the soil, it must be very successful at what it does, and that role must be ecologically relevant<\/strong>,\u00bb Rosling said.<\/p>\n

Now that the researchers have ruled out some typical fungal roles — such as pathogen, benign endophyte, and member of a mycorrhizal association — they hope to find out through additional experiments exactly what role the fungus does play in nature and how it interacts with plants and other fungi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00abAt this point we’re still in the early stages of understanding what it’s doing out there,\u00bb James said.<\/p>\n

Whether A. finlayi turns out to be beneficial or detrimental to the plants or microbes it interacts with, it’s sure to contribute to understanding the diverse array of fungi in the world.<\/p>\n

Though environmental DNA of SCG1 had been collected and reported in more than 50 previous studies, the type of DNA collected in the past didn’t lend itself to analyses that would definitively pinpoint the group’s position on the tree of life.<\/p>\n

\u00abNow that we have the culture, we can sequence almost any gene we want, so that’s what we’ve done<\/strong>,\u00bb James said.<\/p>\n

The resulting information, combined with DNA data from the previous studies, revealed that A. finlayi <\/em>belongs in an eclectic subphylum known as Taphrinomycotina<\/strong>, other members of which include the yeast Schizosaccharomyces<\/strong>, often used in studies of cell biology and evolution, and Pneumocystis, which can cause pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems,<\/strong> such as those who have cancer or HIV\/AIDS or are undergoing treatment with immune-suppressing drugs.<\/p>\n

In addition to James and Rosling, who is currently a visiting research associate at Indiana University, the paper’s authors include Filipa Cox of the Imperial College London and Royal Botanic Gardens; Karelyn Cruz-Martinez, Katarina Ihrmark, Bj\u00f6rn Lindahl and Audrius Menkis of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; and Gwen-A\u00eblle Grelet of the University of Aberdeen.<\/p>\n

The research was funded by the Carl Trygger Foundation, The Swedish Research Council Formas and the National Environment Research Council (UK).<\/p>\n

Story Source:<\/strong> The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Michigan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Journal Reference<\/strong>: A. Rosling, F. Cox, K. Cruz-Martinez, K. Ihrmark, G.-A. Grelet, B. D. Lindahl, A. Menkis, T. Y. James. Archaeorhizomycetes: Unearthing an Ancient Class of Ubiquitous Soil Fungi. Science,<\/strong> 2011; 333 (6044): 876 DOI: 10.1126\/science.1206958<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El t\u00edtulo de la noticia parece contradictorio, pero no lo es. Descubrir una nueva \u201cclase\u201d que no especies, g\u00e9neros, familias, \u00a0se considera un gran \u00a0hallazgo taxon\u00f3mico. \u00bfY como se sab\u00eda que su presencia era tan frecuente?. \u00a1Sencillo!. Las muestras de DNA de muchas muestras de suelo analizadas previamente conten\u00edan secuencias de sus nucle\u00f3tidos que han logrado asociarse a este hongo que solo esporula (desprende las esporas) en el interior del suelo. Como su denominaci\u00f3n indica, debe tratarse de una clase que muestra caracteres muy antiguos (\u201carqueo\u201d). Su detecci\u00f3n se realiz\u00f3 cuando se analizaban las micorrizas de ciertas con\u00edferas, lo cual\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[596,586],"tags":[9788,9791,9789,9790],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140153"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=140153"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140153\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":140189,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140153\/revisions\/140189"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=140153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=140153"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=140153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}