{"id":141704,"date":"2012-10-10T12:31:25","date_gmt":"2012-10-10T11:31:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=141704"},"modified":"2012-10-10T12:31:25","modified_gmt":"2012-10-10T11:31:25","slug":"cubresuelos-y-sus-aplicaciones-en-agricultura-jardineria-ground-covers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2012\/10\/10\/141704","title":{"rendered":"Cubresuelos y sus aplicaciones en Agricultura & Jardiner\u00eda (ground covers)"},"content":{"rendered":"

La naturaleza tiende a cubrir el suelo con<\/strong> <\/span>un manto vegetal vivo, sus restos e incluso piedras o cantos, seg\u00fan las circunstancias. Tal cubierta<\/strong> <\/span>(\u201cground cover<\/strong><\/span><\/em>\u201d en suajili<\/em>) impide el impacto de las gotas de lluvia que deterioran la estructura del suelo y favorecen la erosi\u00f3n<\/strong>.En agronom\u00eda,<\/strong> tambi\u00e9n es frecuente que se recomiende cubrir al suelo con \u201calgo\u201d<\/strong><\/span> (residuos vegetales, ciertas rocas y\/o minerales, materiales sint\u00e9ticos, los denominados cultivos de cobertera, etc.) para diversos prop\u00f3sitos, tales como<\/strong> <\/span>el control de malas hierbas, erradicaci\u00f3n de pat\u00f3genos, evitar la r\u00e1pida p\u00e9rdida de humedad y\/o nutrientes del medio ed\u00e1fico, favorecer la infiltraci\u00f3n, aumentar la calidad de los productos de la cosecha, incrementar la fertilidad del suelo, etc., etc. Del mismo modo, la jardiner\u00eda<\/strong> <\/span>tambi\u00e9n hace uso de tales productos. En agricultura org\u00e1nica estas pr\u00e1cticas son muy frecuentes<\/strong><\/span>. Sin embargo, el producto a elegir depende del objetivo perseguido, las propiedades<\/strong> <\/span>de los distintos tipos de suelos,<\/span><\/a> condiciones ambientales<\/strong>, etc. Cualquier cubierta modifica la din\u00e1mica de la biota, agua y nutrientes, por lo que uno debe ser muy prudente y cauteloso a la hora de efectuar la elecci\u00f3n<\/strong> <\/span>del material apropiado. Por lo tanto, siempre es preferible hablar con los expertos de los servicios de extensi\u00f3n agraria y no fiarse de la propaganda de las empresas<\/strong> <\/span>que los comercializan. Tambi\u00e9n debemos preveniros de los contaminantes ocultos de muchos residuos que se recomiendan con tales fines, como los s\u00f3lidos urbanos, que pueden terminar por contaminar<\/strong> <\/span>el medio ed\u00e1fico, ya sea con sustancias t\u00f3xicasoe incluso organismos pat\u00f3genos. Se trata de todo un mundo en el cual la investigaci\u00f3n es muy activa, como lo demuestra la nota de prensa publicada por Sciencedaily<\/strong><\/span>, que os expondremos seguidamente.<\/p>\n

\"ground-cover-de-aciculas-de-conifera\"<\/p>\n

Ground cover o cubresuelos de ac\u00edculas de con\u00edfera. Fuente E How Home<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\"cubresuelos-infojardin\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Cubresuelos vegetales en jardiner\u00eda. Fuente: Inforjard\u00edn<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Resulta pues pr\u00e1cticamente imposible recomendar diferentes tipos de cubresuelos<\/strong> <\/span>(\u201cground cover<\/em>\u201d en suahili) debido a que los objetivos de su instalaci\u00f3n resultan ser enormemente variados<\/strong><\/span>. La mentada nota de prensa nos informa de su uso en agricultura org\u00e1nica cuando esta requiere una adici\u00f3n de materia org\u00e1nica tras la siembra<\/strong><\/span>. Se analizan tanto un producto org\u00e1nico como otro de origen sint\u00e9tico, as\u00ed como sus efectos sobre la din\u00e1mica del agua y los nutrientes. M\u00e1s aun, como ya he le\u00eddo en otros trabajos, a menudo, las propiedades y repercusiones de los c\u00fabreselos, ya de por si enormemente variados por su naturaleza,<\/strong> cambian con el tiempo<\/strong><\/span>. Dicho de otro modo, la elecci\u00f3n puede llegar a ser enormemente compleja, por lo que no me atrevo a insinuar mucho m\u00e1s a los interesados mas que no se arriesguen a tomar decisiones la ligera, consultando siempre que puedan a los expertos y\/u organismos gubernamentales competentes. Eso s\u00ed, cuando no se desea alterar la temperatura del suelo<\/strong><\/span>, cuando se apela a la cobertura con materiales sint\u00e9ticos, como pl\u00e1sticos impermeables, una adecuada porosidad de los mismos resulta ser una propiedad esencial. Tambi\u00e9n esta \u00faltima tiende a evitar, en la medida de lo posible, un impacto desmesurado en la din\u00e1mica del medio ed\u00e1fico, con repercusiones negativas. Ahora bien, siempre habr\u00e1 excepciones. Finalicemos insistiendo que en este tipo de pr\u00e1cticas las propiedades de los suelos, climas y relieves, tanto como los objetivos en lo concerniente a la producci\u00f3n de los cultivos, determinan cual es la mejor opci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/span>, por lo que no resulta conveniente generalizar gratuitamente.<\/p>\n

\"ground-cover-types\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Ground Cover de diferentes tipos. Fuente: Victory Greens<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez <\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

Using Ground Covers in Organic Production<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n

ScienceDaily (Aug. 30, 2011)<\/em><\/strong> \u2014 Studies by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists indicate that organic farmers who need to periodically amend their soils with compost after planting can still control weeds-and hold down costs-by using fabric ground covers<\/strong>. This will be welcome news to organic farmers who till composted manure into their crop fields after planting<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) soil scientist Larry Zibilske, who works at the agency’s Integrated Farming and Natural Resources Research Unit in Weslaco, Texas, set out to see how these ground covers limit water penetration and affect carbon and nutrient levels in soils<\/strong>. ARS is USDA’s chief intramural scientific research agency, and this work supports the USDA commitment to supporting sustainable agriculture.<\/p>\n

Zibilske conducted a soil chamber study using two types of commercial ground covers: a needle-punched, double-layer fabric, and a tightly woven material made of flat polypropylene strands. He used two types of compost-poultry litter pellets or a compost mix of cattle manure and other organic materials-in the research<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Zibilske monitored the movement of nutrients from the two types of composted materials through the two types of ground covers for 30 days. Water was able to pass freely through the fabric cover, but the polypropylene cover limited the movement of water<\/strong> for the first two weeks. However, water was able to pass through the polypropylene cover much more easily by the end of the study<\/strong>, perhaps because the cover was becoming coated with organic molecules from the compost.<\/p>\n

Zibilske found that soil microbial activity indicators were essentially the same in soils protected by fabric covers, soils protected by polypropylene covers, and control soil samples where the movement of nutrients had not been impeded by a ground cover<\/strong>. This similarity suggests that these ground covers did not significantly alter or limit biological activities in the soil. Links were also observed between the use of fabric covers and reduced soil levels of nitrogen and phosphorus levels<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Story Source<\/span>: <\/strong>The above story is reprinted<\/a> from materials provided by USDA\/Agricultural Research Service<\/strong><\/a>. The original article was written by Ann Perry.<\/p>\n

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.<\/em><\/p>\n

Journal Reference<\/strong><\/span>: L. M. Zibilske. Permeability of Fabric Ground Covers to Organically-Derived Nutrients<\/strong>. International Journal of Fruit Science<\/em>, 2010; 10 (2): 109 DOI: 10.1080\/15538362.2010.492322<\/a><\/p>\n

Permeability of Fabric Ground Covers to Organically-Derived Nutrients<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n

L. M. Zibilske<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/em><\/strong>
\nGround covers can reduce fruit production costs<\/strong>. However, because they differ in porosity, they can pose an obstacle for in-season fertilization<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

An incubation experiment<\/strong> was established using soil columns with two different covers amended with solid organic fertilizers to determine movement of nutrients into the soil. One cover was porous while the other was tightly woven.<\/p>\n

The porous cover was slightly more (105%) conductive to organic carbon than the woven. Both were less conductive than bare soil (84%\u2014porous cover and 80%\u2014woven cover). Later, nutrients passed both covers similarly. Covers reduced nitrogen passage from 62% to 71% of bare soil rates. Porous, woven, and bare soil transmitted 6.5%, 7.4%, and 7.9% of added phosphorus. \u03b2-glucosidase was similar in all treatments, indicating the biological environment was not altered. Initially, the woven cover was hydrophobic but later passed nutrients, presumably due to organic coatings on the cover.<\/p>\n

Results show the potential of adding nutrients through ground covers and<\/strong>, while local conditions may affect rates, support applications of solid fertilizers to covers.<\/p>\n

See a ScienceDaily article about this study: <\/strong><\/em>Using Ground Covers in Organic Production<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Source: <\/em><\/strong>International Journal of Fruit Science (2010) 10: 109-122; DOI: 10.1080\/15538362.2010.492322<\/p>\n

Author Locations and Affiliations<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Integrated Farming and Natural Resources Research Unit, Weslaco, Texas, USA, E-mail larry.zibilske@ars.usda.gov<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La naturaleza tiende a cubrir el suelo con un manto vegetal vivo, sus restos e incluso piedras o cantos, seg\u00fan las circunstancias. Tal cubierta (\u201cground cover\u201d en suajili) impide el impacto de las gotas de lluvia que deterioran la estructura del suelo y favorecen la erosi\u00f3n.En agronom\u00eda, tambi\u00e9n es frecuente que se recomiende cubrir al suelo con \u201calgo\u201d (residuos vegetales, ciertas rocas y\/o minerales, materiales sint\u00e9ticos, los denominados cultivos de cobertera, etc.) para diversos prop\u00f3sitos, tales como el control de malas hierbas, erradicaci\u00f3n de pat\u00f3genos, evitar la r\u00e1pida p\u00e9rdida de humedad y\/o nutrientes del medio ed\u00e1fico, favorecer la infiltraci\u00f3n, aumentar\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[613,600,585],"tags":[46755,46781,47249,15400,15401],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/141704"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=141704"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/141704\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":142953,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/141704\/revisions\/142953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=141704"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=141704"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=141704"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}