{"id":143616,"date":"2013-12-10T16:08:46","date_gmt":"2013-12-10T15:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=143616"},"modified":"2013-12-10T16:08:46","modified_gmt":"2013-12-10T15:08:46","slug":"las-impresoras-3-d-en-la-ciencia-del-suelo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2013\/12\/10\/143616","title":{"rendered":"Las Impresoras 3-D en la Ciencia del Suelo"},"content":{"rendered":"

Las impresora 3D<\/a>, Esc\u00e1ner 3D<\/a> e impresi\u00f3n 3-D<\/a> son un conglomerado de tecnolog\u00edas que se encuentran causando furor en el mundo industrial<\/strong><\/span>. Incluso las promesas de estos instrumentos comienzan a considerarse un fen\u00f3meno de masas<\/a>. B\u00e1sicamente, si las\u00a0impresora convencionales o 2D dan lugar a\u00a0un producto plano (como una hoja impresa), las 3D nos ofrecen una maqueta en tres dimensiones (que puede ser operativa) utilizando materiales\u00a0tales como los pol\u00edmeros de pl\u00e1stico<\/strong><\/span>, entre otros. De este modo se pueden construir o mejorar instrumentales a precios reducidos y al gusto\u00a0del usuario<\/strong><\/span>. Posiblemente sus aplicaciones se extiendan pronto a otras iniciativas. La noticia que os ofrecemos hoy nos habla de la fabricaci\u00f3n de ciertos componentes que forman parte de un aparato con vistas a \u00a0medir la conductividad hidr\u00e1ulica del suelo, y ha sido llevado a cabo en un laboratorio por colegas de nuestra disciplina,\u00a0public\u00e1ndose en una revista de nuestra especialidad<\/strong><\/span>. Resulta prematuro, y m\u00e1s a\u00fan en vista de mis escasos conocimientos sobre esta tecnolog\u00eda, ensalzar o criticar sus futuras aplicaciones a la hora de investigar el medio ed\u00e1fico. Pinchando en los palabros enlazados obtendr\u00e9is informaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s documentada de la que yo os puedo proporcionar\u00a0personalmente. Os muestro tambi\u00e9n un video, como al que os redirecciona este enlace<\/a>. Comienzo pues este post recogiendo los primeros p\u00e1rrafos de una breve entrada en Wikipedia, para continuar con la noticia original. Tal solo pretendo suministrar unas notas inici\u00e1ticas para todos aquellos que deseen ampliar su informaci\u00f3n sobre estas nuevas tecnolog\u00edas y sus aplicaciones. Finalmente comentar que, en vista del crecimiento exponencial de su uso, la gran cantidad de aplicaciones obtenidas en poco tiempo, as\u00ed como del relativo bajo costo del aparatito, posiblemente esta tecnolog\u00eda termine cambiando numerosos procedimientos e instrumentos actuales en nuestros laboratorios<\/strong><\/span>. \u00a1Ya veremos!, aunque esta vez s\u00ed soy optimista.<\/p>\n

Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"impresora-3d\"<\/p>\n

Una Impresora 3D entre otras muchas. Fuente: Tecnolog\u00eda BIT<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

De Acuerdo a Wikipedia Una\u00a0impresora 3D<\/a>\u00a0es una m\u00e1quina capaz de realizar \u00abimpresiones\u00bb de dise\u00f1os en\u00a03D<\/a>, creando piezas o\u00a0maquetas<\/a>\u00a0volum\u00e9tricas a partir de un dise\u00f1o hecho por ordenador. Surgen con la idea de convertir archivos\u00a0CAD<\/a>\u00a0en prototipos reales. A d\u00eda de hoy son utilizados para la\u00a0matricer\u00eda<\/a>\u00a0o la prefabricaci\u00f3n de piezas o componentes, en sectores como laarquitectura<\/a>\u00a0y el\u00a0dise\u00f1o industrial<\/a>. El sector en el que este tipo de herramientas resulta m\u00e1s com\u00fan es el de las\u00a0pr\u00f3tesis<\/a>\u00a0m\u00e9dicas, donde resultan ideales dada la facilidad para adaptar cada pieza fabricada a las caracter\u00edsticas exactas de cada paciente.<\/p>\n

Los modelos comerciales son actualmente de dos tipos<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

-de\u00a0compactaci\u00f3n<\/strong>, en las que una masa de polvo se compacta por estratos.<\/p>\n

-de\u00a0adici\u00f3n<\/strong>, o de inyecci\u00f3n de pol\u00edmeros, en las que el propio material se a\u00f1ade por capas.<\/p>\n

Seg\u00fan el m\u00e9todo empleado para la\u00a0compactaci\u00f3n<\/strong>\u00a0del polvo, se pueden clasificar en:<\/p>\n

–Impresoras 3D de tinta:<\/strong>\u00a0utilizan una tinta aglomerante para compactar el polvo. El uso de una tinta permite la impresi\u00f3n en diferentes colores.<\/p>\n

–Impresoras 3D l\u00e1ser:<\/strong>\u00a0un l\u00e1ser transfiere energ\u00eda al polvo haciendo que se polimerice. Despu\u00e9s se sumerge en un l\u00edquido que hace que las zonas polimerizadas se solidifiquen.<\/p>\n

Una vez impresas todas las capas s\u00f3lo hay que sacar la pieza. Con ayuda de un aspirador se retira el polvo sobrante, que se reutilizar\u00e1 en futuras impresiones.<\/p>\n

3-D Printing in Soil Science Laboratories<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n

ScienceDaily Nov. 28, 2012<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2014 Imagine printing a 3-D<\/strong> object as easily as a typed document. Lose a button? Print one. Need a new coffee cup? Print one. While the reality of printing any object on demand may lie in the future, the technology necessary to do it has been available for decades. And soil scientists are now taking advantage of its possibilities<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0In a paper published online this week in the Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em><\/strong>, a team of researchers headed by Philippe Baveye explored the potential of manufacturing soil science equipment using 3-D printing<\/strong>. They found that the technology, also called \u00abrapid manufacturing\u00bb or \u00abstereolithography,\u00bb<\/strong> has major benefits over traditional manufacturing methods, and they were able to successfully produce intricate pieces. Also, the ability to easily share the designs used by 3-D printers could allow for better replication of experiments and collaboration among soil scientists<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

First developed in the 1980s, the process of 3-D printing begins with<\/strong> a computer-generated model [often a Computer Aided Design (CAD) image] that is \u00absliced\u00bb by a program to create very thin layers of the object<\/strong>. The printer then uses an extruder that lays down a material — frequently a thermal plastic<\/strong> — layer by layer, as defined by the computer program, to create the full 3-D object<\/strong>. This method is currently being used to build a variety of items, such as mobile phones, jewelry, and artificial limbs.<\/p>\n

Baveye’s team used the technology to create parts of a permeameter, a device used to measure the hydraulic conductivity of soils<\/strong>. Traditionally, this type of equipment is made using lathes and drills. However, those techniques are painstaking and time-consuming. Also, traditional methods cannot create intricate designs or incorporate certain features such as non-concentric structures<\/strong>. Moreover, once a product is made, researchers are resistant to making changes even if the piece would work better if modified.<\/p>\n

Baveye and his colleagues found that by using a 3-D printer to create their design of the permeameter parts, they were able to avoid several of these problems of traditional equipment manufacturing<\/strong>. Many designs that used to be impossible to make, such as intricate conduits, can now be easily worked into the 3-D printing models<\/strong>. Also, once a piece is designed and even manufactured, changes to the product can be easily made in the computer model and printed anew.<\/p>\n

Says Baveye, \u00abShould anyone want permeameter columns with a narrower or larger diameter, designs can be scaled up or down in seconds, and a new piece can be printed without extra human labor<\/strong>.\u00bb<\/p>\n

By avoiding the painstaking and backbreaking work of traditional methods, 3-D printing has inadvertently leveled the playing field. While in the past few students and researchers were willing to use the drills and lathes, many more now look forward to the opportunity to create and print CAD drawings. This technology has opened doors to aspiring soil scientists that may have otherwise passed on the opportunity to create designs and equipment for their research<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

An additional benefit of using 3-D printing, and one that Baveye believes could greatly impact soil science<\/strong>, is the ease with which designs can be shared among researchers. When equipment is made using traditional methods, detailed procedures and even blueprints have to be provided for replication of the experiment. Even then, there are often details that make it difficult for others to produce the same design. 3-D printing eliminates this hurdle.<\/p>\n

\u00abCAD files can be easily sent by email to colleagues anywhere in the world,\u00bb explains Baveye. \u00abThat means experiments can be replicated easily, even if they involve complicated pieces of equipment.\u00bb<\/p>\n

While the benefits of 3-D printing are obvious, there are some limitations<\/strong>. The object design must consist of contiguous solid material, and<\/strong> the smallest features must be larger than the minimum resolution of the printer being used. Even with these constraints, however, 3-D printing offers a promising alternative to older manufacturing methods, and Baveye and his colleagues have no doubt that the technology will become a mainstream method.<\/p>\n

\u00abWe expect that the evolution of 3-D printing will follow that of laser printers<\/strong>,\u00bb says Baveye. \u00abAs the price of 3-D printers continues to fall, we expect that they are going to be more and more widely used in soil science laboratories and in many other disciplines.\u00bb<\/p>\n

\u00a0Story Source<\/span>: <\/strong>The above story is reprinted from materials<\/a> provided by Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)<\/strong><\/a>. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.<\/em><\/p>\n

Journal Re<\/strong>f<\/strong>erence<\/strong><\/span>: David P. Rangel, Claire Superak, Mayra Bielschowsky, Katie Farris, Ruth E. Falconer, Philippe C. Baveye. Rapid Prototyping and 3-D Printing of Experimental Equipment in Soil Science Research<\/strong>. Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em>, 2012; 0 (0): 0 DOI: 10.2136\/sssaj2012.0196n<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Las impresora 3D, Esc\u00e1ner 3D e impresi\u00f3n 3-D son un conglomerado de tecnolog\u00edas que se encuentran causando furor en el mundo industrial. Incluso las promesas de estos instrumentos comienzan a considerarse un fen\u00f3meno de masas. B\u00e1sicamente, si las\u00a0impresora convencionales o 2D dan lugar a\u00a0un producto plano (como una hoja impresa), las 3D nos ofrecen una maqueta en tres dimensiones (que puede ser operativa) utilizando materiales\u00a0tales como los pol\u00edmeros de pl\u00e1stico, entre otros. De este modo se pueden construir o mejorar instrumentales a precios reducidos y al gusto\u00a0del usuario. Posiblemente sus aplicaciones se extiendan pronto a otras iniciativas. La noticia que\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[590,587,615,611],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143616"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=143616"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143616\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":144883,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143616\/revisions\/144883"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=143616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=143616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=143616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}