{"id":143636,"date":"2014-01-08T14:31:33","date_gmt":"2014-01-08T13:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=143636"},"modified":"2014-01-08T14:31:33","modified_gmt":"2014-01-08T13:31:33","slug":"la-grave-degradacion-de-suelos-en-los-paises-emergentes-asiaticos-y-algo-mas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2014\/01\/08\/143636","title":{"rendered":"La Grave Degradaci\u00f3n de Suelos en los Pa\u00edses Emergentes Asi\u00e1ticos y Algo M\u00e1s\u2026."},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>Este t\u00edtulo refleja tan solo en parte el contenido de la noticia<\/strong><\/span>. Por un lado ofrece informaci\u00f3n de sumo inter\u00e9s debido a su <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>extrema gravedad<\/strong><\/span>. Ahora bien,<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <strong>tambi\u00e9n se trata de la lucha por alcanzar m\u00e1s financiaci\u00f3n y as\u00ed lograr la supervivencia\/expansi\u00f3n del ISRIC<\/strong> <\/span>(Wageningen, Holanda). Veamos de qu\u00e9 hablo. De acuerdo a la FAO, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>durante los \u00faltimos treinta a\u00f1os el 25% de las tierras (suelos) del mundo han ido degrad\u00e1ndose y como corolario perdiendo su fertilidad ya sea por<\/strong> <\/span>erosi\u00f3n, colmataci\u00f3n, cansancio (sustracci\u00f3n neta \u00a0de nutrientes, fundamentalmente extra\u00eddos del suelo por la producci\u00f3n de biomasa), salinizaci\u00f3n, acidificaci\u00f3n, etc. (aunque no se cita expl\u00edcitamente, uno de los mayores problemas, resulta ser la contaminaci\u00f3n, de lo que en Holanda saben mucho, y para mal). Seguidamente, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">la nota de prensa hace hincapi\u00e9 en\u00a0que el problema alimentario un pa\u00eds asi\u00e1tico llamado China es muy grave y va a peor. \u00bfPorque no se cita a la India, que padece los mismos s\u00edndromes degradativos y geopol\u00edticos?<\/span>.<\/strong> A continuaci\u00f3n los autores se\u00f1alan que muchos gobiernos regionales deber\u00edan aprender de los programas en la lucha contra la \u00a0degradaci\u00f3n, ya en curso en otras partes del mundo (construcci\u00f3n de embalses, aterramiento, implantaci\u00f3n de cultivos agroforestales, etc.). De este modo podr\u00edan potenciar su producci\u00f3n agropecuaria. \u00a0M\u00e1s adelante los autores del estudio resaltan el problema de la falta de datos (inventarios), la carencia de armonizaci\u00f3n en las definiciones y procedimientos de las evaluaciones llevadas a cabo a niveles nacionales, regionales y locales, asi como la\u00a0necesidad de llevar a cabo estas iniciativas a diferentes escalas, etc. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>A rengl\u00f3n seguido se cita (como si realmente Europa dispusiera de buenos inventarios, lo cual no es cierto) que el costo anual de la degradaci\u00f3n de suelos en Europa oscila entre 700 y 1.400 millones de Euros<\/strong><\/span>. Sin embargo, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>el problema m\u00e1s grave de Europa resulta ser\u00a0la contaminaci\u00f3n y nuestros pol\u00edticos se han lavado las manos a la hora de implementar una Directiva Comunitaria de Protecci\u00f3n de Suelos<\/strong><\/span>. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 entonces apuntan a China?.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Finalmente, los expertos implicados, por iniciativa del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>ISRIC<\/strong><\/span>, entran a abordar lo que se me antoja <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>como el n\u00facleo subliminal \u00a0del mensaje<\/strong> <\/span>publicado en nota de prensa y revista cient\u00edfica. Efectivamente, tal Instituci\u00f3n (en la que estuve varias semanas hace a\u00f1os) dispone ahora de un banco de datos denominado <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wocat.net\/en\/methods\/case-study-assessment-qtqa\/database-manual.html\">WOCAT<\/a><\/strong> en el que se describen unas 450 pr\u00e1cticas de conservaci\u00f3n de Tierras y Aguas, las cuales sugieren analizar con vistas a indagar cuales de ellas podr\u00edan ser id\u00f3neas para paliar la degradaci\u00f3n de suelos en diferentes \u00e1reas, seg\u00fan la idiosincrasia ambiental de las mismas<strong>. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Resulta llamativo que: (i)<\/span><\/strong> un tipo de informe de estas caracter\u00edsticas, que afecta a todos los ciudadanos del mundo, se publique en una revista de pago, cuando lo normal resultar\u00eda que, si \u201cfuera importante\u201d, lo editara una organizaci\u00f3n internacional y en acceso abierto (gratuito); <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>y (ii)<\/strong><\/span> que en el art\u00edculo de pago se analizaran tambi\u00e9n problemas sangrantes como el de <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>\u00c1frica<\/strong><\/span>, que no es recogido por\u00a0la nota de prensa ya que esta se centra en un Estado muy poderoso, al que\u201d deben pretender\u201d que \u201cpase por el aro\u201d de \u201calguna forma\u201d. Los holandeses no dan puntada sin hilo. Os dejo con la nota de prensa y el resumen del art\u00edculo cient\u00edfico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ngg-singlepic ngg-center\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/147\/degradacion-de-suelos-en-china.jpg\" alt=\"degradacion-de-suelos-en-china\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/environment\/2012\/jun\/12\/china-soil-pollution-bonn-challenge\">Degradaci\u00f3n y contaminaci\u00f3n de suelos en China. Fuente: The Guardian<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0No me gusta nada de nada, y menos a\u00fan en asuntos tan importantes a escala global, la encubierta \u201c<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><em>science business<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u201d. Ahora bien, para desgracia de la ciencia y los propios ciudadanos <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>es lo que demandan nuestras autoridades pol\u00edticas<\/strong><\/span>: \u201chacer negocio aun acosta de vender a nuestra propia madre\u201d. Y en esto debemos reconocer (yo soy testigo) que las instituciones holandesas son magistrales. Llegado a este punto <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">me asalta a la cabeza la siguiente pregunta: \u00bfEn lugar de que nuestros j\u00f3venes investigadores vayan a estos sitios a estudiar y producir pu\u00f1ados de papers, como si de un proceso industrial se tratase, fueran otros a aprender las magistrales estrategias holandesas a la hora de vender sus productos y obtener pasta?<\/span>.<\/strong> Y lo digo muy en serio, no porque personalmente lo defienda, sino porque los latinos en estas materias somos ingenuos y torpes hasta decir basta (&#8230;).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>Y poco m\u00e1s ya que nota de prensa y art\u00edculo poco a\u00f1aden m\u00e1s a lo que ya sabemos: que la agricultura industrial es insustentable, esquiladora y degradadora de los recursos naturales<\/strong><\/span>. Para aquellos que lo desconozcan estos asuntos, tan solo a\u00f1adir que Holanda es el pa\u00eds con m\u00e1s edaf\u00f3logos por 1000 habitantes del Planeta, que en Wageningen no existe una facultad o Ingenier\u00eda agraria, sino toda una gran Universidad dedicada al tema, aparte del ITC de Enchede y del ISRIC (aunque administrativamente me han comentado que las est\u00e1n fusionando con vistas a crear sinergias y aumentar su eficiencia). Como en Espa\u00f1a, \u00bfverdad?. Jejejeje.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2012\/11\/121120100153.htm\">More Attention to the Soil Can Boost Food Production<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>Sciencedaily-Nov. 20, 2012<\/em> <\/span><\/strong>\u2014 <strong>According to FAO, in the last thirty years a quarter of all agricultural land has become less fertile as a result of erosion, silting, soil exhaustion or other forms of land degradation<\/strong>. If these problems were addressed in northern <strong>China<\/strong>, food production there could be boosted by 25 per cent. <strong>Regional governments need to pay more attention to soil and learn from how soil restoration measures in other parts of the world have helped to increase crop yields<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is the outcome of a study <strong>by ISRIC and Wageningen University<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A group of international researchers from the Netherlands (ISRIC and Wageningen University), Austria, China, South Africa, Switzerland, Malawi and Iceland, led by <strong>ISRIC &#8212; World Soil Information in Wageningen<\/strong> suggest that this is the way forward in an article published in the November issue of <em>Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability<\/em>. The article appears on the eve of the <strong>first Global Soil Week<\/strong>, which takes place from 18-22 November 2012 in Berlin. Policymakers and soil experts will meet to discuss plans for a coordinated approach to combatting land degradation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Land degradation is a problem in the arid parts of the tropical and subtropical countries, which are home to over one and a half billion people. Erosion, caused by water and wind, and soil exhaustion are responsible for severe losses<\/strong>. Aware of this problem, <strong>193 countries signed a UN Convention against land degradation and desertification (UNCCD) in 1991<\/strong>. Since then <strong>research groups have been assessing the costs of land degradation. In a catchment area in China<\/strong>, Chinese and Dutch researchers have assessed that the <strong>food production could be at least 25 percent higher if erosion and salinization were mitigated by the introduction of conservation practices such as dams, terracing, mulching or agroforestry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">So far however, these <strong>efforts have been insufficient to motivate governments and companies to invest in soil<\/strong>, the researchers conclude. <strong>One of the problems is that data on degraded areas, usually based on analyses from soil profiles or satellite photos, are not always unambiguous<\/strong><strong>. There is no one agreed-upon definition of land degradation<\/strong>, <strong>and different institutes have their own ways of collecting and interpreting data<\/strong>. <strong>Estimates of the annual costs incurred from erosion in Europe alone range from 700 to 14,000 million euros<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The researchers say it has now become easier to collect, interpret and present data because of new technologies and more advanced software<\/strong>. <strong>With the more accurate assessments &#8212; which are accessible online<\/strong> &#8212; regions can learn from the conservation practices in comparable areas. <strong>They can see what benefits soil recovery practices have brought and what measures have worked<\/strong>. A start has already been made with <strong>databanks<\/strong> such <strong>as WOCAT, which ISRIC helped set up<\/strong>. The databank includes descriptions of over 450 soil and water conservation practices that have been implemented, and in many cases the positive effects on food production have been recorded too<strong>. &#8216;There is no &#8216;one fits all&#8217; solution&#8217;, the researchers write. &#8216;In each region local stakeholders have to decide what works best for them<\/strong>.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Story Source: <\/strong>The above story is reprinted from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.alphagalileo.org\/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=126100&amp;CultureCode=en\">materials<\/a> provided by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wageningen-ur.nl\"><strong>Wageningen University and Research Centre<\/strong><\/a>, via AlphaGalileo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Journal Reference<\/strong><\/span>: Prem S Bindraban, Marijn van der Velde, Liming Ye, Maurits van den Berg, Simeon Materechera, Delwend\u00e9 Innocent Kiba, Lulseged Tamene, Krist\u00edn Vala Ragnarsd\u00f3ttir, Raymond Jongschaap, Marianne Hoogmoed, Willem Hoogmoed, Christy van Beek, Godert van Lynden. <strong>Assessing the impact of soil degradation on food production<\/strong>. <em>Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability<\/em>, 2012; 4 (5): 478 DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosust.2012.09.015\">10.1016\/j.cosust.2012.09.015<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Resumen del trabajo Original<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/advertisement\/left\/num\/341574\/mainCat\/general\/cat\/general\/acct\/ddd49027ac058c4db14dac8cc0563abc\/isn\/18773435\/doi\/10.1016_j.cosust.2012.09.015\/page\/article\">Assessing the impact of soil degradation on food production (Prem S Bindraban et al. 2012)<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Continuing soil degradation remains a serious threat to future food security<\/strong>. Yet, global soil degradation assessments are based on qualitative expert judgments or remotely sensed quantitative proxy values that suffice to raise awareness but are too coarse to identify appropriate sustainable land management interventions. <strong>Studies in China and Sub Saharan Africa illustrate the considerable impact of degradation on crop production but also point to the need for solutions dependent on location specific agro-ecological conditions and farming systems<\/strong>. <strong>The development of a comprehensive approach should be feasible to better assess<\/strong> both extent and impact of soil degradation <strong>interlinking various scales<\/strong>, <strong>based on production ecological approaches and remote sensing to allow disentangling natural and human induced causes of degradation<\/strong>. A shared common knowledge base cataloguing hard-won location-specific interventions is needed for successfully preventing or mitigating degradation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Highlights<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Current degradation assessments and impact give divergent and unverified outcomes. \u00a0<strong>Relation between global assessments and local interventions are non-existent<\/strong>. \u00a0Process-based approaches can link degradation and impact at different levels. <strong>Location specific interventions<\/strong> are essential to mitigate and rehabilitate degradation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Este t\u00edtulo refleja tan solo en parte el contenido de la noticia. Por un lado ofrece informaci\u00f3n de sumo inter\u00e9s debido a su extrema gravedad. Ahora bien, tambi\u00e9n se trata de la lucha por alcanzar m\u00e1s financiaci\u00f3n y as\u00ed lograr la supervivencia\/expansi\u00f3n del ISRIC (Wageningen, Holanda). Veamos de qu\u00e9 hablo. De acuerdo a la FAO, durante los \u00faltimos treinta a\u00f1os el 25% de las tierras (suelos) del mundo han ido degrad\u00e1ndose y como corolario perdiendo su fertilidad ya sea por erosi\u00f3n, colmataci\u00f3n, cansancio (sustracci\u00f3n neta \u00a0de nutrientes, fundamentalmente extra\u00eddos del suelo por la producci\u00f3n de biomasa), salinizaci\u00f3n, acidificaci\u00f3n, etc. (aunque\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[7651,594,612,591,613,585,606,598],"tags":[47428,46674,46767,47308],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143636"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=143636"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143636\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":145053,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143636\/revisions\/145053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=143636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=143636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=143636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}