{"id":146356,"date":"2015-08-19T13:20:32","date_gmt":"2015-08-19T12:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=146356"},"modified":"2015-08-19T13:20:32","modified_gmt":"2015-08-19T12:20:32","slug":"compactacion-del-subsuelo-perdida-de-productividad-agraria-escaneres-medicos-estructuras-fractales","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2015\/08\/19\/146356","title":{"rendered":"Compactaci\u00f3n del Subsuelo, P\u00e9rdida de Productividad Agraria, Esc\u00e1neres M\u00e9dicos, Estructuras Fractales"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"compactacion-subsuelo-y-tomografia\"<\/p>\n

Colaje im\u00e1genes google. Buscando por \u201clos palabros\u201c: \u201ccomputer tomography soil\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Como ya venimos anunciando en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os,<\/span> estamos\u00a0totalmente convencidos de que los nuevos avances tecnol\u00f3gicos en la imaginer\u00eda m\u00e9dica ayudar\u00e1n\u00a0a mejorar nuestra\u00a0comprensi\u00f3n de la estructura y din\u00e1mica del medio ed\u00e1fico<\/strong><\/span>. Y el tiempo nos ha vuelto a dar la raz\u00f3n. La noticia que hoy analizamos, reproducida del bolet\u00edn de noticias <\/span>ScienceDaily<\/span><\/a> ofrece los resultados de un estudio en el cual, haciendo uso de la <\/span>tomograf\u00eda computarizada<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0se analiza la compactaci\u00f3n del subsuelo, el cual afecta a las propiedades hidrol\u00f3gicas (fertilidad f\u00edsica) del medio ed\u00e1fico, reduciendo as\u00ed las producciones agrarias<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. Los resultados parecen ser bastante interesantes. Como todos sab\u00e9is, <\/span>uno de los efectos m\u00e1s da\u00f1inos y cr\u00edpticos del uso de la maquinaria pesada en agricultura estriba\u00a0en que su enorme peso termina por compactar el suelo, especialmente en profundidad<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. Debido a que este proceso no es observable desde la superficie, no ha sido estudiado con la seriedad que merecer\u00eda. <\/span>Al da\u00f1ar la arquitectura\u00a0de los poros, por donde circula el agua y el aire afecta seriamente la estructura de los suelo<\/strong><\/span>s<\/strong><\/span>. El uso de la <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tomograf\u00eda computarizada<\/span><\/a> de estos horizontes relativamente profundos (en el caso de estudio a 30 o 40 cm desde la superficie), pero muy densos o compactos <\/span>ha revelado que <\/strong>(i)<\/strong><\/span> los macroporos de <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>los suelos compactados son m\u00e1s largos (en profundidad), pero se ramifican en menor medida que en los no compactados y <\/span>(ii)<\/strong><\/span> a pesar del mentado incremento en sus dimensiones verticales, su di\u00e1metro resulta ser menor que cuando no se hizo\u00a0uso de tal maquinaria. De aqu\u00ed\u00a0que <\/span>el agua y la oxigenaci\u00f3n fluyan r\u00e1pidamente de arriba abajo del perfil ed\u00e1fico sin distribuirse adecuadamente por la matriz del suelo, en donde se producen casi todos los procesos ed\u00e1ficos<\/strong>. Tambi\u00e9n es importante destacar que<\/span> tal \u00a0mecanismo no se revierte ni con rapidez ni con facilidad, siendo pues complicado recuperar la estructura natural, capaz de ofrecer\u00a0la obtenci\u00f3n de mayores cosechas<\/strong><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Los autores llevan a cabo una analog\u00eda entre el sistema circulatorio humano y el de la red de macroporos<\/strong><\/span>. Al fin y al cabo, como\u00a0tambi\u00e9n os comentamos en post precedentes<\/span>, la estructura fractal de ambos guarda asombrosas similitudes<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. Los autores tambi\u00e9n contemplan y sospechan que <\/span>un cambio semejante\u00a0en la geometr\u00eda circulatoria del sistema humano ser\u00eda muy da\u00f1ino para nuestro organismo, como lo es en los suelos, por lo que pudieran existir ciertos paralelismos entre ambas estructuras geom\u00e9tricas y sus respectivas funciones<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Si los pesticidas y fertilizantes usados por la agricultura industrial, a la larga, generan m\u00e1s problemas de los que arreglan, lo mismo puede decirse de la maquinaria que nos venden para arar los campos. Comida para hoy. Hambre para ma\u00f1ana. Os dejo pues con la nora de prensa en suajili. <\/span><\/p>\n

Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Medical imaging helps reveal lastin<\/span>g impacts of soil compaction<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Date: <\/em><\/strong>January 14, 2014; Source: <\/em><\/strong>American Society of Agronomy (ASA)<\/p>\n

Summary:<\/em><\/strong>While subsoil compaction is easy to ignore because it\u2019s hard to see, it definitely deserves more study<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

3-D images of the macropore system in 10 cm-diameter, 8 cm-high soil cores taken from a heavy clay soil in Finland. Left: Control (non-compacted) soil. Right: Soil from plots where heavy machinery drove over the ground in an experimental treatment 29 years earlier.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>The large, air-filled spaces, or \u00abmacropores,\u00bb in untilled soil often resemble the branching vessels of the human circulatory system<\/strong>. Taking advantage of this similarity, a team of Nordic researchers led by Per Schj\u00f8nning combined computed tomography (CT) scanning with traditional measurements of air exchange to \u00abdiagnose\u00bb the long-term impacts of soil compaction on the hidden, but vital, soil pore network<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

In farm settings, soil can become compressed and unnaturally dense when heavy farm machinery is driven over it. But what the system of pores looks like in compacted soil hasn’t been well studied<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

When the Nordic scientists examined cores of compacted<\/strong>, heavy clay subsoil from a research site in Finland, they found the macropores were greatly affected compared with a non-compacted, control soil<\/strong>. In particular, <\/strong>the compacted soil contained mostly long, vertical \u00abarterial\u00bb pores, or pipes, with significantly fewer \u00abmarginal\u00bb pores branching from them<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The findings appeared in the Nov.-Dec. 2013 issue of the Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Compaction also reduced the size of the vertical arteries, and just as in the human body, this constriction of the soil’s \u00abcirculatory\u00bb system can have ill effects<\/strong>. Blocked and narrowed pores likely impede the diffusion of air through bulk soil<\/strong>, the scientists say. The dominance of vertical pipes in the compacted soil also suggests that water flows mostly downward, with relatively little reaching the surrounding soil matrix<\/strong>. Both of these changes can reduce crop productivity<\/strong>. But most troubling to the researchers was how lasting the impacts of compaction appear to be. In the study, the group examined soil cores taken from a depth of 0.3 to 0.4 meters<\/strong> (0.9 to 1.2 feet) in plots where 30 years <\/strong>earlier a heavy tractor-trailer drove over the ground four times in an experimental treatment. (Only smaller farm equipment was used in subsequent years.) Despite all the elapsed time, macropores in the compacted subsoil were still highly altered compared with control soils, indicating a poor ability of this heavy clay soil to recover its original structure<\/strong>. What’s more, the damage was done by wheel loads<\/strong> (3.2 Mg per tractor rear wheel and 4.8 Mg per trailer wheel) that are considerably lower than those used in agriculture today.<\/p>\n

What this all says is that while subsoil compaction is easy to ignore because it’s hard to see, it definitely deserves more study, say the researchers<\/strong>. And what better to help diagnose this hidden problem than CT<\/strong> — a medical instrument that detects equally stealthy problems in the human body?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Story Source: <\/strong>The above story is based on materials<\/a> provided by American Society of Agronomy (ASA)<\/strong><\/a>. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.<\/em><\/p>\n

Journal Reference<\/strong>: Per Schj\u00f8nning, Mathieu Lamand\u00e9, Feto E. Berisso, Asko Simojoki, Laura Alakukku, Rune R. Andreasen. Gas Diffusion, Non-Darcy Air Permeability, and Computed Tomography Images of a Clay Subsoil Affected <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Colaje im\u00e1genes google. Buscando por \u201clos palabros\u201c: \u201ccomputer tomography soil\u201d\u00a0 Como ya venimos anunciando en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, estamos\u00a0totalmente convencidos de que los nuevos avances tecnol\u00f3gicos en la imaginer\u00eda m\u00e9dica ayudar\u00e1n\u00a0a mejorar nuestra\u00a0comprensi\u00f3n de la estructura y din\u00e1mica del medio ed\u00e1fico. Y el tiempo nos ha vuelto a dar la raz\u00f3n. La noticia que hoy analizamos, reproducida del bolet\u00edn de noticias ScienceDaily ofrece los resultados de un estudio en el cual, haciendo uso de la tomograf\u00eda computarizada,\u00a0se analiza la compactaci\u00f3n del subsuelo, el cual afecta a las propiedades hidrol\u00f3gicas (fertilidad f\u00edsica) del medio ed\u00e1fico, reduciendo as\u00ed las producciones agrarias. Los\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[590,586,613,589,611],"tags":[47674,47677,47675,47676],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146356"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=146356"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146356\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":147212,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146356\/revisions\/147212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=146356"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=146356"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=146356"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}