{"id":146952,"date":"2016-04-12T13:21:29","date_gmt":"2016-04-12T12:21:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=146952"},"modified":"2016-04-12T13:21:29","modified_gmt":"2016-04-12T12:21:29","slug":"la-biodiversidad-de-los-hongos-del-suelo-a-escala-global","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2016\/04\/12\/146952","title":{"rendered":"La Biodiversidad de los Hongos del Suelo a Escala Global"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"diversidad-hongos-del-mundo\"<\/p>\n

Mapa de la Diversidad de especies de hongo en el mundo tomada de Plant Biology Tecahing Resources<\/span><\/a>. <\/span>Fuente Original : ScienceMagazine<\/span><\/a>. <\/span>Imagen inferior. Fuente: Macrofungi of the Guiana Shield<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>El art\u00edculo y nota de prensa que analizamos hoy ofrecen <\/span>una idea general sobre la diversidad y patrones espaciales de los hongos del suelo a escala global<\/strong><\/span>. El estudio constata como la famosa <\/span>Regla de Rapoport<\/span><\/a> sobre el <\/span>gradiente latitudinal de especies<\/span><\/a>\u00a0tambi\u00e9n es validada en el caso de los hongos del suelo<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, <\/span>es decir que<\/strong><\/span> su riqueza aumenta m\u00e1s o menos constantemente desde los polos al ecuador, con ciertas excepciones (lo cual tambi\u00e9n es habitual en otros taxa: excepciones que confirman la regla). Del mismo modo, los autores parecen haber comprobado que <\/span>la riqueza de estos organismos se encuentra m\u00e1s condicionada por el clima y los tipos de suelos que por el n\u00famero de hospedadores que habitan en un lugar<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>M\u00e1s aun, como ya comentamos al hablar de las plantas vasculares <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(se pensaba que hab\u00edan sido descubiertas y catalogadas <\/span>1.000.000 de especies, cuando en realidad estudios recientes han rebajado tal cifra hasta 400.000<\/span><\/a>) <\/span>la diversidad f\u00fangica catalogada hasta la fecha no responder\u00eda a la realidad, existiendo muchas menos especies de las que se cre\u00eda<\/strong><\/span>. Existen otros datos de inter\u00e9s que he traducido del maldito suajili al honorable espa\u00f1ol, y os los muestro en la parte final del post, ya que el art\u00edculo original se encuentra en acceso abierto. Considero que se trata de <\/span>un trabajo muy interesante para mostrar la diversidad de hongos en el mundo, aunque<\/strong><\/span> investigaciones posteriores puedan modificar\/alterar el paisaje conceptual defendido por los autores en el presente estudio. \u00a1Que lo disfrut\u00e9is!. Digamos finalmente que otros investigadores han defendido que la diversidad de las especies que habitan en el\u00a0suelo no segu\u00eda la \u00a0<\/span>Regla de Rapoport<\/a>. \u00bfEn que quedamos?. \u00bfQu\u00e9 conclusiones extraer?. \u00a0\u00bfEstamos dando palos de ciego?. Tengo la impresi\u00f3n de que\u00a0as\u00ed es.<\/span><\/p>\n

Juanjo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Number of fungal species has been greatly overestimated<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Date: <\/em><\/strong>March 13, 2015; Source: <\/em><\/strong>University of Tartu<\/p>\n

Summary: <\/em><\/strong>The most species-rich fungal communities are in tropical rainforests, new research confirms. The estimated global species richness of fungi, 1.5\u20135.1 million species, however, seems to be a vast overestimation, according to their data<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The good news for the Estonian mycophile is that when it comes to mycorrhizal fungi<\/strong>, which include almost all edible and poisonous mushrooms, the forests of our climate zone are the richest in species<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The good news for the Estonian mycophile is that when it comes to mycorrhizal fungi, which include almost all edible and poisonous mushrooms, the forests of our climate zone are the richest in species.<\/p>\n

A study led by the researchers of the University of Tartu Natural History Museum discovered that the most species-rich fungal communities are in tropical rainforests<\/strong>. The estimated global species richness of fungi, 1.5-5.1 million species, however, seems to be a vast overestimation, according to their data<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00abTogether with 35 research institutions we collected approximately 15,000 soil <\/strong>samples from various areas across the world. We then sequenced the DNA<\/strong> in the collected samples, using the new generation sequencing method. <\/strong>When analysing the soil samples, we found more than 45,000 fungal species<\/strong>. To our knowledge, this is the largest dataset of biodiversity studies published so far,\u00bb said Leho Tedersoo, Senior Research Fellow of the University of Tartu Natural History Museum and the manager of the project.<\/p>\n

\u00abThe coordination of the activities of all partners and obtaining all the required permits for getting the samples meant a lot of paperwork. In some countries we could not collect samples just because we could not get the permits. For generalisations, however, the amount of the collected material is more than enough,\u00bb said Tedersoo.<\/p>\n

As the main findings, the study concluded that the species richness patterns of fungi in general follow these of plants and animals — i.e. the species richness is the highest in tropical rainforests and general rules of biogeography apply<\/strong>. In the past, it was commonly held that the latter do not apply to microorganisms — that all forms are present everywhere depending on the substrate. The study found that the number of fungal species in the world has been greatly overestimated<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00ab<\/strong>We discovered that endemism — the phenomenon that particular species live only in a rather limited area — is also very common among fungi<\/strong>,\u00bb explained Tedersoo. Tedersoo added that there are also many species that are spread across the<\/strong> world<\/strong>, such as mould and animal pathogens<\/strong>. \u00abAlthough the spread of plant and animal species in the temperate climate zone of the northern hemisphere is limited to continents, many fungal species are equally spread in Asia, North America and Europe. <\/strong>This indicates that fungi have a more efficient spreading mechanism: microscopic spores<\/strong>,\u00bb said Tedersoo.<\/p>\n

\u00abThe research findings will not save the world, but help the researchers understand the global biological processes much better. As the species richness and spread of fungi mostly depend on precipitation, temperature and vegetation, it can be assumed that climate change strongly affects<\/strong> mycobiota in dry and cool regions<\/strong>. The good news for the Estonian mycophile<\/strong> is that when it comes to mycorrhizal fungi<\/strong>, which include almost all edible and poisonous mushrooms, the forests of our climate zone are the richest in species<\/strong>. The age-old Abruka limetree forest holds the record,\u00bb said Tedersoo.<\/p>\n

In the future<\/strong>, the working group of ecology of biological interactions is planning to focus on detecting functional difference in soil organisms in different ecosystems of the world, to show how these organisms have adapted to different climatic and soil-formation processes<\/strong> and to historical-biogeographical factors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00abSuch analyses require computational power and cloud services<\/strong>, which are available in the PlutoF system and at the High Performance Computing Center of the University of Tartu,\u00bb said Tedersoo. \u00abHuge work has been done by my colleagues Mohammad Bahram, Sergei P\u00f5lme, Urmas K\u00f5ljalg and Kessy Abarenkov. These days, analyses of such scale cannot even be conducted by a single researcher or a small working group.\u00bb<\/p>\n

Story Source: <\/strong>The above story is based on materials<\/a> provided by University of Tartu<\/strong><\/a>. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Journal Reference<\/span><\/strong>: L. Tedersoo, M. Bahram, S. Polme, U. Koljalg, N. S. Yorou, R. Wijesundera, L. V. Ruiz, A. M. Vasco-Palacios, P. Q. Thu, A. Suija, M. E. Smith, C. Sharp, E. Saluveer, A. Saitta, M. Rosas, T. Riit, D. Ratkowsky, K. Pritsch, K. Poldmaa, M. Piepenbring, C. Phosri, M. Peterson, K. Parts, K. Partel, E. Otsing, E. Nouhra, A. L. Njouonkou, R. H. Nilsson, L. N. Morgado, J. Mayor, T. W. May, L. Majuakim, D. J. Lodge, S. S. Lee, K.-H. Larsson, P. Kohout, K. Hosaka, I. Hiiesalu, T. W. Henkel, H. Harend, L.-d. Guo, A. Greslebin, G. Grelet, J. Geml, G. Gates, W. Dunstan, C. Dunk, R. Drenkhan, J. Dearnaley, A. De Kesel, T. Dang, X. Chen, F. Buegger, F. Q. Brearley, G. Bonito, S. Anslan, S. Abell, K. Abarenkov. <\/span>Global diversity and geography of soil fungi<\/span><\/strong><\/a>. Science<\/em><\/strong><\/span>, 2014; 346 (6213): 1256688 DOI: 10.1126\/science.1256688<\/a><\/p>\n

Cite This Page<\/strong>: MLA<\/strong><\/a>, <\/strong>APA<\/strong><\/a>, <\/strong>Chicago<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

University of Tartu. \u00abNumber of fungal species has been greatly overestimated.\u00bb ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 March 2015. www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2015\/03\/150313083447.htm<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Resumen y algunos p\u00e1rrafos del trabajo original<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Fungi play major roles in ecosystem processes, but the determinants of fungal diversity and biogeographic patterns remain poorly understood. Using DNA metabarcoding data from hundreds of globally distributed soil samples, we demonstrate that fungal richness is decoupled from plant diversity. The plant-to-fungus richness ratio declines exponentially toward the poles. Climatic factors, followed by edaphic and spatial variables, constitute the best predictors of fungal richness and community composition at the global scale. Fungi show similar latitudinal diversity gradients to other organisms, with several notable exceptions. These findings advance our understanding of global fungal diversity patterns and permit integration of fungi into a general macroecological framework.<\/span><\/p>\n

Los hongos desempe\u00f1an un papel importante en los procesos ecosist\u00e9micos, pero los determinantes de la diversidad de hongos y sus patrones biogeogr\u00e1ficos siguen siendo poco conocidos. Utilizando datos t\u00e9cnicas de secuenciaci\u00f3n de cientos de muestras de suelo distribuidas por todo el mundo, demuestran que la riqueza de hongos est\u00e1 desacoplada de la diversidad vegetal<\/strong>. La relaci\u00f3n de la riqueza de planta a hongos disminuye exponencialmente hacia los polos. Los factores clim\u00e1ticos, seguidos de las variables ed\u00e1ficas y espacial, constituyen los mejores predictores de la riqueza de hongos, as\u00ed como la composici\u00f3n de la comunidad en la escala global<\/strong>. Hongos muestran gradientes latitudinales de diversidad similares a otros organismos, con varias excepciones notables<\/strong>. Estos hallazgos nos permiten progresar en nuestra comprensi\u00f3n de los patrones de diversidad de hongos a nivel mundial y su integraci\u00f3n en un marco macroecol\u00f3gicos general.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Fungi are hyperdiverse but poorly known, despite their ecological and economic impacts. Tedersoo et al. collected nearly 15,000 topsoil samples from 365 sites worldwide and sequenced their genomes (see the Perspective by Wardle and Lindahl). Overall, they found a striking decline in fungal species richness with distance from the equator. For some specialist groups though, diversity depended more on the abundance of host plants than host diversity or geography. The findings reveal a huge gap between known and described species and the actual numbers of distinct fungi in the world’s soils.<\/span><\/p>\n

Los hongos son un taxa hiperdiverso<\/strong> pero poco conocido, a pesar de sus innegables \u00a0impactos ecol\u00f3gicos y econ\u00f3micos. Tedersoo y colaboradores recogieron cerca de 15.000 muestras de suelo superficial de 365 sitios en todo el mundo y secuenciron sus genomas<\/strong> (v\u00e9ase la Perspectiva de Wardle y Lindahl). En general, encontraron una disminuci\u00f3n notable en la riqueza de especies de hongos con la distancia del ecuador<\/strong>. Para algunos grupos de especialistas, sin embargo, la diversidad depend\u00eda m\u00e1s de la abundancia de plantas hospedadopras que de otros factores como los\u00a0 geogr\u00e1ficos. Los resultados revelan una enorme brecha entre las especies conocidas y descritas y las cifras reales de especies de hongos ya catalogadas en los suelos del mundo<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Metabarcoding analysis of global soils revealed <\/span>fungal richness estimates approaching the number of species recorded to date<\/span><\/strong>. Distance from equator and mean annual precipitation had the strongest effects on richness of fungi, including most fungal taxonomic and functional groups. Diversity of most fungal groups peaked in tropical ecosystems, but ectomycorrhizal fungi and several fungal classes were most diverse in temperate or boreal ecosystems, and many fungal groups exhibited distinct preferences for specific edaphic conditions (such as pH, calcium, or phosphorus). Consistent with Rapoport\u2019s rule, the geographic range of fungal taxa increased toward the poles. Fungal endemicity was particularly strong in tropical regions, but multiple fungal taxa had cosmopolitan distribution. <\/span><\/p>\n

El tipo de an\u00e1lisis gen\u00f3mico del que hicieron uso los autores del estudio revel\u00f3 que las estimaciones de la riqueza de hongos que se acercan al n\u00famero de especies registradas hasta la fecha<\/strong>. Distancia desde el ecuador y la precipitaci\u00f3n media anual tuvieron los efectos m\u00e1s fuertes sobre la riqueza de hongos, <\/strong>ya fuera por su adscripci\u00f3n taxon\u00f3mica ya por su etiquetaci\u00f3n en grupos funcionales. La diversidad de la mayor\u00eda de los grupos de hongos alcanz\u00f3 su punto m\u00e1ximo en los ecosistemas tropicales, aunque<\/strong> los hongos ectomicorr\u00edcicos y algunas otras clases de hongos eran m\u00e1s diversas en los ecosistemas templados o boreales, y muchos grupos de hongos exhibieron \u00a0preferencias distintas para las condiciones ed\u00e1ficas espec\u00edficas<\/strong> (tales como el pH, calcio o f\u00f3sforo). De acuerdo con la regla de Rapoport<\/strong>, el \u00e1rea de distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de los taxones de hongos aument\u00f3 hacia los polos. La endemicidad f\u00fangica fue particularmente fuerte en las regiones tropicales, pero<\/strong> otros mostraron una distribuci\u00f3n cosmopolita<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusions\/conclusiones<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Climatic factors, followed by edaphic and spatial patterning, are the best predictors of soil fungal richness and community composition at the global scale. Richness of all fungi and functional groups is causally unrelated to plant diversity, with the exception of ectomycorrhizal root symbionts, suggesting that plant-soil feedbacks do not influence the diversity of soil fungi at the global scale. The plant-to-fungi richness ratio declined exponentially toward the poles, indicating that current predictions\u2014assuming globally constant ratios\u2014overestimate fungal richness by 1.5- to 2.5-fold. Fungi follow similar biogeographic patterns as plants and animals, with the exception of several major taxonomic and functional groups that run counter to overall patterns. Strong biogeographic links among distant continents reflect relatively efficient long-distance dispersal compared with macro-organisms.<\/span><\/p>\n

Los factores clim\u00e1ticos, seguidos por los patrones espaciales de las coberturas de suelos resultaron ser los mejores predictores de la riqueza de hongos del suelo y sus composiciones en comunidades en la escala global. La riqueza de los hongos y los grupos funcionales no se encontraba relacionada con la diversidad de especies vegetales, con la excepci\u00f3n de simbiontes radiculares ectomicorr\u00edcicos, lo que sugiere que las retroalimentaciones planta-suelo no influyen en la diversidad de los hongos del suelo a escala global. La relaci\u00f3n entre la riqueza de plantas y la de los hongos disminuy\u00f3 exponencialmente hacia los polos<\/strong>, indicando que las predicciones a nivel mundial (que parten de unos detyerminaos supuestos) sobrestiman riqueza f\u00fangica por 1,5 a 2,5 veces. Los hongos siguen patrones biogeogr\u00e1ficos similares a las plantas y los animale<\/strong>s, con la excepci\u00f3n de varios grupos taxon\u00f3micos y funcionales importantes que van en contra de los patrones generales. Estrechos v\u00ednculos biogeogr\u00e1ficos entre continentes distantes reflejan relativamente bien la dispersi\u00f3n a larga distancia en comparaci\u00f3n con macroorganismos<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mapa de la Diversidad de especies de hongo en el mundo tomada de Plant Biology Tecahing Resources. Fuente Original : ScienceMagazine. Imagen inferior. Fuente: Macrofungi of the Guiana Shield \u00a0El art\u00edculo y nota de prensa que analizamos hoy ofrecen una idea general sobre la diversidad y patrones espaciales de los hongos del suelo a escala global. El estudio constata como la famosa Regla de Rapoport sobre el gradiente latitudinal de especies\u00a0tambi\u00e9n es validada en el caso de los hongos del suelo, es decir que su riqueza aumenta m\u00e1s o menos constantemente desde los polos al ecuador, con ciertas excepciones (lo\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[596,586,618,600],"tags":[47730,47729,31357],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146952"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=146952"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146952\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":148062,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146952\/revisions\/148062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=146952"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=146952"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=146952"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}