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Shewanella oneidensis<\/span>: Fuente:ETHZurich<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>Ya lo anticipamos en post anteriores, y como casi siempre, no nos equivocamos<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. Reiteramos que el sentido com\u00fan es muy importante en ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda, mientras que la persistente inclinaci\u00f3n para acelerar las innovaciones en el sector tecnol\u00f3gico, y como corolario la competitividad de las empresas, soslaya gravemente verificar si sus procedimientos y materiales son da\u00f1inos para el medio ambiente y la salud humana<\/strong><\/span>. \u00a0Y reitero que en post, como en otros \u00a0precedentes, ya advertimos que actualmente la tecnolog\u00eda primero dispara y luego pregunta, soslayando el m\u00e1s m\u00ednimo <\/strong><\/span><\/span>principio de precauci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a>. Primero el dinero y la econom\u00eda, luego la tecnolog\u00eda y en \u00faltimo lugar el ser humano y el medio ambiente. <\/span>\u00bfNadie cuida de los ciudadanos?. No interesan, tan solo si consumen, es decir como consumidores. \u00a1Qu\u00e9 m\u00e1s da si\u00a0 da\u00f1amos su salud o no!<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Riesgos de los Nanomateriales para el Medio Ambiente: Biomagnificaci\u00f3n en la Cadena Tr\u00f3fica (El Suelo Como Reservorio)<\/a><\/p>\n Nanomateriales y Contaminaci\u00f3n Ambiental (Repercusiones sobre el Suelo)<\/a><\/p>\n Suelos y Nanopart\u00edculas: Un reto para el Futuro de la Ciencia del Suelo<\/a><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Resulta ir\u00f3nico que la se haya demostrado el da\u00f1o de ciertas nanopart\u00edculas con unas bacterias que se hab\u00eda propuesto como candidata para la bios\u00edntesis de las mismas, e incluso en los procesos de bioremediaci\u00f3n para la descontaminaci\u00f3n de suelos.\u00a0 \u00a0El tema es m\u00e1s serio de lo que parece ya que<\/strong><\/span> se trata de elementos que son considerados que iban a reinar durante tiempo en la manufactura de las <\/span>bater\u00edas de litio<\/span><\/a>. Resulta que estos \u00faltimos ingenios, hoy por hoy casi son <\/span>imprescindibles \u00a0en los tel\u00e9fonos m\u00f3viles, agendas electr\u00f3nicas, ordenadores port\u00e1tiles, lectores de m\u00fasica, etc<\/strong><\/span>. Todo ello se traduce en toneladas y toneladas de basura electr\u00f3nica<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n Shewanella oneidensis<\/span><\/a><\/em>, no hab\u00eda demostrado ser es precisamente una bacteria muy sensible a los contaminantes y otros estreses ambientales (ver al final del post lo que Wikipedia nos informa sobre ella). De hecho, para m\u00e1s inri,<\/span> Shewanella oneidensis<\/em>, pretend\u00eda utilizarse, reiteramos una vez m\u00e1s, como candidata en las nuevas tecnolog\u00edas de bios\u00edntesis de nanomateriales met\u00e1licos<\/strong><\/span>. Pues bien, <\/span>tal\u00a0microorganismo, \u00a0al ser expuesto a las nanopart\u00edculas<\/span><\/strong><\/span>, como la nota de prensa que reproducimos al final del post describe, y que adem\u00e1s <\/span>se encuentra a punto de\u00a0 convertirse en el material dominante en las bater\u00edas de iones de litio de los susodichos<\/span> dispositivos <\/span><\/strong>(que tan atractivos son para los ciudadanos), era severamente da\u00f1adas en su metabolismo y crecimiento. Tal hallazgo <\/span>constata<\/span> el posible potencial da\u00f1ino de muchas nanopart\u00edculas. por lo que debiera comprobarse tambi\u00e9n su impacto directo en el ser humano<\/span><\/strong>. Los autores del estudio advierten que <\/span>la deposici\u00f3n de los dispositivos que llevan estas bater\u00edas en los vertederos, podr\u00eda infringir\u00a0 graves da\u00f1os al medio ambiente<\/span><\/strong>. Sin embargo <\/span>la noticia soslaya \u00a0que, ingentes cantidades de esta basura electr\u00f3nica van a parar ilegalmente a pa\u00edses del tercer mundo<\/span><\/strong>, en donde las criaturas m\u00e1s desheredadas pretenden rescatar todo lo posible para venderlo y tener algo que llevarse a la boca. <\/span>Me temo, lo peor, como tambi\u00e9n venimos advirtiendo desde hace tiempo en post como los siguientes<\/span><\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Contaminaci\u00f3n del Suelo por Basura Electr\u00f3nica: Una Nueva Pandemia Ambiental en el Tercer Mundo<\/a>,<\/span><\/p>\n Basura Electr\u00f3nica Sin Fronteras: Un Nueva Forma de Lucha Contra la Contaminaci\u00f3n Medioambiental y la Salud Humana de (\u2026)<\/a><\/p>\n e-Basura, Internet, Esclavitud Infantil, Salud P\u00fablica y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico<\/a><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Tengamos en cuenta que a\u00fan no se ha comprobado el efecto de una gran cantidad de productos que, desde hace algunos a\u00f1os, se encuentran cargados de nanomateriales. Por lo tanto, posiblemente se trata de la punta de uh iceberg (otro m\u00e1s), que nos puede estallar en la cara<\/strong><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0Os dejo con la nota de prensa, algunos de cuyos p\u00e1rrafos hemos traducido r\u00e1pidamente, usando el traductor Google, del suajili al castellano-espa\u00f1ol. Pido disculpas por las deficiencias de los mismos.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n Lithium battery catalyst found to harm key soil microorganism<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Date: <\/strong>February 4, 2016; Source: <\/strong>University of Wisconsin-Madison<\/p>\n Summary: <\/strong>The material at the heart of the lithium ion batteries that power electric vehicles, laptop computers and smartphones has been shown to impair a key soil bacterium. The study is an early signal that the growing use of the new nanoscale materials used in the rechargeable batteries that power portable electronics and electric and hybrid vehicles may have untold environmental consequences.<\/p>\n \u00a0Shewanella oneidensis<\/em> is a ubiquitous, globally distributed soil bacterium. In nature, the microbe thrives on metal ions, converting them to metals like iron that serve as nutrients for other microbes. The bacterium was shown to be harmed by the compound nickel manganese cobalt oxide, which is produced in nanoparticle form and is the material poised to become the dominant material in the lithium ion batteries that will power portable electronics and electric vehicles<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Oneidensis Shewanella es \u00a0bater\u00eda del suelo muy ubicua que se encuentra practocamente presente en todos los tipos de suelos. En la naturaleza, el microbio que se nutre de iones met\u00e1licos, transform\u00e1ndolos de tal modo que como el hierro puede ser consumido como nutriente par otros microorganismos. La bacteria demostr\u00f3 ser da\u00f1ada \u00a0por el compuesto de n\u00edquel cobalto \u00f3xido de manganeso, que se produce en forma de nanopart\u00edculas y que se encuentra a punto de \u00a0convertirse en el material dominante en las bater\u00edas de iones de litio en los aparatos electr\u00f3nicos port\u00e1tiles y veh\u00edculos el\u00e9ctricos<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0Shewanella oneidensis is a ubiquitous, globally distributed soil bacterium. In nature, the microbe thrives on metal ions, converting them to metals like iron that serve as nutrients for other microbes. The bacterium was shown to be harmed by the compound nickel manganese cobalt oxide, which is produced in nanoparticle form and is the material poised to become the dominant material in the lithium ion batteries that will power portable electronics and electric vehicles.<\/p>\n The material at the heart of the lithium ion batteries that power electric vehicles, laptop computers and smartphones has been shown to impair a key soil bacterium<\/strong>, according to new research published online in the journal Chemistry of Materials<\/em>.<\/p>\n The study by researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Minnesota is an early signal that the growing use of the new nanoscale materials used in the rechargeable batteries that power portable electronics and electric and hybrid vehicles may have untold environmental consequences<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Researchers led by UW-Madison chemistry Professor Robert J. Hamers explored the effects of the compound nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), an emerging material manufactured in the form of nanoparticles that is being rapidly incorporated into lithium ion battery technology, on the common soil and sediment bacterium<\/strong> Shewanella oneidensis<\/span><\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n \u00abAs far as we know, this is the first study that’s looked at the environmental impact of these materials,\u00bb says Hamers, who collaborated with the laboratories of University of Minnesota chemist Christy Haynes and UW-Madison soil scientist Joel Pedersen to perform the new work<\/strong>.<\/p>\n NMC and other mixed metal oxides manufactured at the nanoscale are poised to become the dominant materials used to store energy for portable electronics and electric vehicles. The materials, notes Hamers, are cheap and effective.<\/p>\n \u00abNickel is dirt cheap. It’s pretty good at energy storage. It is also toxic<\/strong>. So is cobalt,\u00bb Hamers says of the components of the metal compound that, when made in the form of nanoparticles, becomes an efficient cathode material in a battery, and one that recharges much more efficiently than a conventional battery due to its nanoscale properties.<\/p>\n Hamers, Haynes and Pedersen tested the effects of NMC on a hardy soil bacterium known for its ability to convert metal ions to nutrients<\/strong>. Ubiquitous in the environment and found worldwide, Shewanella oneidensis<\/em><\/strong>, says Haynes, is \u00abparticularly relevant for studies of potentially metal-releasing engineered nanomaterials.<\/p>\n You can imagine Shewanella<\/em> both as a toxicity indicator species and as a potential bioremediator<\/strong>.\u00bb<\/p>\n Se puede imaginar Shewanella tanto como una especie indicadora toxicidad y como potencial bioremediator.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Subjected to the particles released by degrading NMC, the bacterium exhibited inhibited growth and respiration. \u00abAt the nanoscale, NMC dissolves incongruently,\u00bb says Haynes, releasing more nickel and cobalt than manganese. \u00abWe want to dig into this further and figure out how these ions impact bacterial gene expression, but that work is still underway.\u00bb<\/p>\n Haynes adds that \u00abit is not reasonable to generalize the results from one bacterial strain to an entire ecosystem, but this may be the first ‘red flag’ that leads us to consider this more broadly.\u00bb<\/p>\n Sometido a las part\u00edculas liberadas mediante la degradaci\u00f3n de NMC, la bacteria exhibi\u00f3 inhibi\u00f3 el crecimiento y la respiraci\u00f3n. \u00abA nanoescala, NMC disuelve incongruente\u00bb, dice Haynes, la liberaci\u00f3n de m\u00e1s de n\u00edquel y cobalto de manganeso. \u00abQueremos profundizar en este m\u00e1s all\u00e1 y averiguar c\u00f3mo estos iones afectan la expresi\u00f3n g\u00e9nica bacteriana, pero que el trabajo est\u00e1 todav\u00eda en curso.\u00bb<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Haynes a\u00f1ade que \u00abno es razonable generalizar los resultados a partir de una cepa bacteriana a todo un ecosistema, pero es el primer aviso o l\u00ednea roja \u00a0que nos lleve a considerar ls `posibles amenazas de los nanomateriales , en t\u00e9rminos generales<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n The group, which conducted the study under the auspices of the National Science Foundation-funded Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology at UW-Madison, also plans to study the effects of NMC on higher organisms.<\/p>\n According to Hamers, the big challenge will be keeping old lithium ion batteries out of landfills, where they will ultimately break down and may release their constituent materials into the environment.<\/p>\n De acuerdo con Hamers, el gran reto ser\u00e1 mantener las bater\u00edas de iones de litio dersachadas fuera de los vertederos, en donde en \u00faltima instancia, al romperse puede liberar sus materiales constituyentes en el medio ambiente\u2026..<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n \u00abThere is a really good national infrastructure for recycling lead batteries,\u00bb he says. \u00abHowever, as we move toward these cheaper materials there is no longer a strong economic force for recycling. But even if the economic drivers are such that you can use these new engineered materials, the idea is to keep them out of the landfills. There is going to be 75 to 80 pounds of these mixed metal oxides in the cathodes of an electric vehicle.\u00bb<\/p>\n Hamers argues that there are ways for industry to minimize the potential environmental effects of useful materials such as coatings, \u00abthe M&M strategy,\u00bb but the ultimate goal is to design new environmentally benign materials that are just as technologically effective.<\/p>\n Story Source: <\/strong>The above post is reprinted from materials<\/a> provided by University of Wisconsin-Madison<\/strong><\/a>. The original item was written by Terry Devitt. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.<\/em><\/p>\n Journal Reference<\/strong>: Mimi N. Hang, Ian L. Gunsolus, Hunter Wayland, Eric S Melby, Arielle C. Mensch, Katie R Hurley, Joel A. Pedersen, Christy L. Haynes, Robert J Hamers. Impact of Nanoscale Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) on the Bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1<\/strong>. Chemistry of Materials<\/em>, 2016; DOI: 10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b04505<\/a><\/p>\n University of Wisconsin-Madison. \u00abLithium battery catalyst found to harm key soil microorganism.\u00bb ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 February 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2016\/02\/160204151102.htm>.<\/p>\n