{"id":148342,"date":"2017-07-11T12:57:24","date_gmt":"2017-07-11T11:57:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/?p=148342"},"modified":"2017-07-11T12:57:24","modified_gmt":"2017-07-11T11:57:24","slug":"antibioticos-cripticos-o-durmientes-se-enfrentan-exitosamente-contra-las-bacterias-multirresistentes-los-hongos-del-suelo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2017\/07\/11\/148342","title":{"rendered":"Antibi\u00f3ticos Cr\u00edpticos o Durmientes Se enfrentan Exitosamente contra las Bacterias Multirresistentes: Los Hongos del Suelo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"center\">\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ngg-singlepic ngg-center\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/163\/doratomyces-microsporus-antibioticos-nuevos-contra-bacterias-multiresistentes.jpg\" alt=\"doratomyces-microsporus-antibioticos-nuevos-contra-bacterias-multiresistentes\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/alansflics\/6765961401\">Doratomyces microsporus<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ya hemos hablado en numerosas ocasiones de como<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <strong>la humanidad se ha beneficiado enormemente de las sustancias que producen los microorganismos del suelo<\/strong><\/span>. De hecho <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>los antibi\u00f3ticos sintetizados por los hongos que habitan en el medio ed\u00e1fico han salvado cientos de millones de vidas<\/strong><\/span>. Sin embargo, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>la sociedad actual viene maltratando los recursos ed\u00e1ficos hasta l\u00edmites insostenibles. Una de las consecuencias de tal \u00a1insensato comportamiento! ha sido que los propios\u00a0microorganismos\u00a0del suelo adquirieran multirresistencia hacia los mentados biocidas<\/strong><\/span>, convirti\u00e9ndose en un<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <strong>grav\u00edsimo problema para la salud p\u00fablica<\/strong> <\/span>que nos afecta a todos los ciudadanos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>Hoy os mostramos una muy buena noticia<\/strong><\/span>, ya que volviendo la cara de nuevo hacia los hongos, mediante <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>nuevas tecnolog\u00edas<\/strong><\/span>, estos han logrado depararnos una esperanzadora y grata sorpresa. Las <strong><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Juan%20Jos%25C3%25A9%20Iba%25C3%25B1ez\/Downloads\/70000281_S300_es%20(1).pdf\">bacterias Multirresistentes<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong> se han convertido en un azote para la humanidad. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes<\/strong><\/span> han constatado<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <strong>la presencia de los denominados antibi\u00f3ticos y antimocrobianos cr\u00edpticos<\/strong><\/span>, que pueden ayudar a enfrentarnos de nuevo contra esta desgracia global producida por la estupidez de una sociedad a la que denominamos tecnol\u00f3gica y del conocimiento \u00bf\u00bf??.\u00a0 De todo ello os hemos ido informando a lo, largo de m\u00e1s de una d\u00e9cada en multitud de post, actualmente almacenados en nuestras categor\u00edas \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/category\/biologia-y-ecologia-del-suelo\">Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda del Suelo<\/a>\u201d y \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/category\/los-suelos-y-la-salud\">Los Suelos y la salud<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>Los hongos del suelo producen tambi\u00e9n en \u00abmomentos concretos\u00bb ciertos metabolitos que<\/strong><\/span> dejan de ser sintetizados cuando ya no les son necesarios, y a los que se denominan<span style=\"color: #800000;\"> <strong>compuestos cr\u00edpticos<\/strong><\/span>. Por esta raz\u00f3n, son dif\u00edcilmente detectables, al contrario que otras sustancias entre las cuales deber\u00edan encontrarse los antibi\u00f3ticos cl\u00e1sicos, como ya sugiere su denominaci\u00f3n. \u00bfCu\u00e1ntos son, cuales pueden acarrear beneficios para curar las enfermedades infecciosas humanas?. Todo ello aun permanece por ser investigado. Ahora bien, se sospecha que una bioprospecci\u00f3n rigurosa y sistem\u00e1tica de lugar a que se descubran bastantes sustancias de tal guisa, ya fueran con<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <strong>propiedades antibi\u00f3ticas o antimicrobianas<\/strong><\/span>.\u00a0 La noticia que os ofrecemos hoy abajo nos informa que algunas especies del g\u00e9nero <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doratomyces\"><em>Doratomyces<\/em><\/a>, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">q<\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">ue habitan en el medio ed\u00e1fico o sobre los restos vegetales que lo cubren<\/span>, <\/strong>y a los cuales ayudan a descomponer, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>generan unas sustancias con poder antibi\u00f3tico como para luchar con \u00e9xito contra las ya aludida<\/strong>s<\/span> <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Juan%20Jos%25C3%25A9%20Iba%25C3%25B1ez\/Downloads\/70000281_S300_es%20(1).pdf\">bacterias Multirresistente<strong>s<span>.<\/span><\/strong><\/a> Un rayo de luz entre las tinieblas que se cern\u00edan sobre la salud de los ciudadanos. La especie de hongo en cuesti\u00f3n resulta ser <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Doratomyces microsporus<\/span><\/em><\/span>. Por las razones aludidas, otros expertos hablan de \u201c<strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">antibi\u00f3ticos y antimicrobianos durmientes<\/span><\/strong>\u201d, cuando realmente el verdadero \u201cdurmiente\u201d resulta ser nuestro cerebro colectivo. Pues bien, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>una de las sustancias que acaba de salir a luz, apelando al uso de nuevos procedimientos tecnol\u00f3gicos, \u00a0tras su inmemorial cripticidad en el suelo, resulta efectiva con vistas a combatir, por ejemplo, las numerosas enfermedades que inducen las cepas multirresistentes de la bacteria que denominamos<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staphylococcus_aureus\"><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Del mismo modo,<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <strong>algunas de estas sustancias refuerzan la actividad de otros antibi\u00f3ticos ya conocidos que comenzaban a ser poco eficaces en la lucha contra las susodichas bacterias multirresistentes<\/strong><\/span>, de tal modo que, por ejemplo, peque\u00f1as dosis de <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ampicilina\">ampicilina<\/a> junto al nuevo compuesto \u201ccr\u00edptico\u201d acabaron con los microrganismos pat\u00f3genos testados.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esperamos y deseamos que tales investigaciones progresen por el bien de la humanidad.<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <strong>El ciudadano deber\u00eda saber que, a pesar de nuestros denodados esfuerzos para fomentar\u00a0 la degradaci\u00f3n del suelo con todos los medios de que disponemos a nuestro alcance, este rastrero recurso natural casi siempre sale en nuestro auxilio cuando le necesitamos<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/Science_News\/2016\/07\/15\/Compound-from-rare-fungus-reduces-resistance-to-antibiotics\/5871468605826\/\">Compound from rare fungus reduces resistance to antibiotics<\/a><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Scientists were able to coax <strong>the fungus into producing several previously dormant, or \u00abcryptic,\u00bb antibiotic and antimicrobial compounds<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/author\/Brooks-Hays\/\">Brooks Hays<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0|\u00a0\u00a0 July 15, 2016 at 3:28 PM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a title=\"Home\" href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/\">HOME<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a title=\"Science News\" href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/Science_News\/\">SCIENCE NEWS<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">VIENNA, July 15 (UPI) &#8212;\u00a0<strong>Fungi have yielded many compounds with medicinal qualities. A newly discovered compound, derived from a rare fungus, promises to aid the fight against antibiotic resistance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The compound was discovered by coaxing deactivated genes in the fungus <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Doratomyces microsporus<\/span><\/em>\u00a0back to life.\u00a0<strong>Many of the therapeutic compounds discovered in fungi are constantly produced. A fungus may only periodically produce a compound<\/strong>. <strong>Production may cease for long periods of time<\/strong>. \u00abFungi can even deactivate the respective parts of their genome if a metabolite is not needed anymore. <strong>These compounds can&#8217;t be detected any longer and are classified as cryptic compounds,\u00bb<\/strong> Christoph Zutz, a food scientist at the Vetmeduni Vienna, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vetmeduni.ac.at\/en\/infoservice\/presseinformation\/presseinformationen-2016\/rare-fungus-product-reduces-resistance-to-antibiotics\/\" target=\"_blank\">said in a news release<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>For this reason, scientists hypothesize that many potentially valuable compounds may lie dormant, the code for their synthesis hiding among inactive genes<\/strong>. By introducing valproic acid to\u00a0<strong><em>Doratomyces microsporus<\/em><\/strong>, <strong>scientists were able to trigger the production of several previously dormant, or \u00abcryptic,\u00bb antibiotic and antimicrobial compounds<\/strong>.\u00a0<strong>One compound, called cyclo<\/strong>-(L-proline-L-methionine), or cPM<strong>, proved effective at fighting both normal strains of<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staphylococcus_aureus\"><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em><\/a><strong> pathogens and strains that have built up resistance to antibiotics. The compound was<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/Science_News\/2016\/06\/22\/Antarctic-sponge-yields-MRSA-killing-compound\/8321466608914\/\" target=\"_blank\">previously discovered<\/a>\u00a0in a marine sponge in the frigid coastal waters of Antarctica.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>When cPM was used together with ampicillin to battle two strains of ampicillin-resistant bacteria, the pathogens were killed<\/strong>. \u00ab<strong>The resistance was demonstrably reduced, even at a lower dose of ampicillin than usually<\/strong>,\u00bb said lead researcher Kathrin Rychli.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The researchers, who published their latest findings\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00510\/full\" target=\"_blank\">in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology<\/a>, say they will <strong>continue to search for <\/strong><strong>other cryptic and novel antibiotic compounds using similar methods<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abValproic acid is not the only way to gain active compounds from fungi or other microorganisms,\u00bb explained Joseph Strauss, a researcher from the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna. \u00ab<strong>You can also make bacteria and fungi grow together. This also leads to a natural stimulus<\/strong>.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/unitedpress\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Like Us on Facebook for more stories from UPI.com<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Related UPI Stories<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a title=\"Glutathione protects microorganisms from uranium exposure\" href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/Science_News\/2016\/06\/06\/Glutathione-protects-microorganisms-from-uranium-exposure\/1131465232692\/?st_rec=5871468605826\">Glutathione protects microorganisms from uranium exposure<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a title=\"Study: New material kills E. coli bacteria in 30 seconds\" href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/Science_News\/2016\/06\/06\/Study-New-material-kills-E-coli-bacteria-in-30-seconds\/3331465217111\/?st_rec=5871468605826\">Study: New material kills E. coli bacteria in 30 seconds<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a title=\"Important multicellularity gene found in pond scum\" href=\"http:\/\/www.upi.com\/Science_News\/2016\/05\/05\/Important-multicellularity-gene-found-in-pond-scum\/4341462465743\/?st_rec=5871468605826\">Important multicellularity gene found in pond scum<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doratomyces\"><strong><em>Doratomyces<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>(Dor-ah-toe-mice\u2019-ees) is a\u00a0<a title=\"Genus\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genus\">genus<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a title=\"Fungus\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fungus\">fungi<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Fungi imperfecti\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fungi_imperfecti\">imperfecti<\/a>, closely related to\u00a0<em><a title=\"Scopulariopsis\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scopulariopsis\">Scopulariopsis<\/a><\/em>. Their\u00a0<a title=\"Conidiophore\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conidiophore\">conidiophores<\/a>\u00a0gather together to form a stalk-like inflorescence known as a\u00a0<a title=\"Synnema\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synnema\">synnema<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a title=\"Coremia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coremia\">coremia<\/a>;\u00a0<em>Scopulariopsis<\/em>\u00a0being distinguished in their lack of such a structure.\u00a0<strong>Usually associated with decay, they are usually found in association with dead wood, rotting plants, and in soil or dung<\/strong>. Economically, they can cause rot in potatoes, oats and corn.<strong>alproic Acid Induces Antimicrobial Compound Production in\u00a0<em>Doratomyces microspores<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Zutz%20C%5Bauth%5D\">Christoph Zutz<\/a><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> et al.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Abstrac<\/span>t\u00a0<\/strong><strong><a title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4829596\/\">Go to:<\/a><\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>One of the biggest challenges in public health is the rising number of antibiotic resistant pathogens and the lack of novel antibiotics<\/strong>. In recent years <strong>there is a rising focus on fungi as sources of antimicrobial compounds due to their ability to produce a large variety of bioactive compounds and the observation that virtually every fungus may still contain yet unknown so called \u201ccryptic,\u201d often silenced, compounds<\/strong>. These putative metabolites <strong>could include novel bioactive compounds<\/strong>. Considerable effort is spent on methods to induce <strong>production of these \u201ccryptic\u201d metabolites<\/strong>. One approach is the use of small molecule effectors, potentially influencing chromatin landscape in fungi. We observed that the supernatant of the fungus <em>Doratomyces (D.) microsporus<\/em> treated with valproic acid (VPA) <strong>displayed antimicrobial activity against <em>Staphylococcus (S.) aureus<\/em> and two methicillin resistant clinical S. aureus isolates<\/strong>. VPA treatment resulted in enhanced <strong>production of seven antimicrobial compounds<\/strong>: cyclo-(l-proline-l-methionine) (cPM), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, cyclo-(phenylalanine-proline) (cFP), indole-3-carboxylic acid, phenylacetic acid (PAA) and indole-3-acetic acid. The production of the antimicrobial compound phenyllactic acid was exclusively detectable after VPA treatment. Furthermore three compounds, cPM, cFP, and PAA, <strong>were able to boost the antimicrobial activity of other antimicrobial compounds<\/strong>. cPM, for the first time isolated from fungi, and to a lesser extent PAA, <strong>are even able to decrease the minimal inhibitory concentration of ampicillin in MRSA strains<\/strong>. In conclusion we could show in this study that VPA treatment is a potent tool for induction <strong>of \u201ccryptic\u201d antimicrobial compound production in fung<\/strong>i, and that the induced compounds are not exclusively linked to the secondary metabolism. Furthermore this is the <strong>first discovery of the rare diketopiperazine cPM in fungi<\/strong>. Additionally we could demonstrate that cPM and PAA boost <strong>antibiotic activity against antibiotic resistant strains, suggesting a possible application in combinatorial antibiotic treatment against resistant pathogens<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Keywords: fungi, Doratomyces, valproic acid, diketopiperazine, antimicrobial compounds<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4829596\/\">D. microsporus<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">is a worldwide distributed fungus mainly <strong><em>isolated from feces but also from rotting plant material and soil, which has been associated with decay (Domsch et al., 2007). It is known to produce an extracellular keratinase, which is closely related to proteinase<\/em><\/strong> K (Vignardet et al., 1999; Gradisar et al., 2000). Furthermore it has been shown that this fungus has the ability to degrade the antifungal alkaloid sampangine (Orabi et al., 1999). Besides these studies little is known about the primary and secondary metabolite profile of this fungus<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 Doratomyces microsporus Ya hemos hablado en numerosas ocasiones de como la humanidad se ha beneficiado enormemente de las sustancias que producen los microorganismos del suelo. De hecho los antibi\u00f3ticos sintetizados por los hongos que habitan en el medio ed\u00e1fico han salvado cientos de millones de vidas. Sin embargo, la sociedad actual viene maltratando los recursos ed\u00e1ficos hasta l\u00edmites insostenibles. Una de las consecuencias de tal \u00a1insensato comportamiento! ha sido que los propios\u00a0microorganismos\u00a0del suelo adquirieran multirresistencia hacia los mentados biocidas, convirti\u00e9ndose en un grav\u00edsimo problema para la salud p\u00fablica que nos afecta a todos los ciudadanos. Hoy os mostramos una\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[596,587,592],"tags":[47898,47899,47897,46719,9791,46910,35718],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148342"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=148342"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":149085,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148342\/revisions\/149085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=148342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=148342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=148342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}