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Carb\u00f3n pirogen\u00e9tico. Fuente: colaje google im\u00e1genes<\/span><\/p>\n El t\u00edtulo con el que pretend\u00eda presentar este post era el siguiente: \u201cEl Carb\u00f3n pirogen\u00e9tico: Los pueblos abor\u00edgenes de \u00c1frica lograban mejorar la fertilidad de suelos pobres en nutrientes, alcanzando as\u00ed una agricultura plenamente sustentable<\/strong><\/span>.\u201d Pero realmente, el tema, deprimente en manos de la ciencia actual, resulta asombroso a la luz de la etnoagricultura y etnoedafolog\u00eda. Por esta raz\u00f3n, abajo os he traducido buena parte de la nota de prensa original en ingl\u00e9s, dejando material adicional sobre lo que ahora algunos denominan \u201cpirogen\u00e9tico<\/strong><\/span>\u201d. Pero vayamos al meollo del contenido. Ya os hemos hablado en numerosas ocasiones del biochar<\/strong><\/span>. En la foto podr\u00e9is observar c\u00f3mo ha ido creciendo vertiginosamente el n\u00famero de art\u00edculos que las revistas de prestigio han publicado sobre el tema.<\/strong> Sin embargo<\/strong><\/span>, sus propiedades no logran emular las que atesoraban las Terras Pretas (Propiedades y Fertilidad del Biochar)<\/a>. Reitero que abajo ten\u00e9is una relaci\u00f3n de todo lo publicado en esta bit\u00e1cora desde que Francisco de Orellana<\/strong><\/span> habl\u00f3 por primera vez de ellas, tras su descubrimiento en la desembocadura del \u201cGran Rio\u201d. El biochar fue desarrollado por los pueblos abor\u00edgenes de la\u00a0<\/strong>Amazonia<\/strong>. <\/span>B\u00e1sicamente se trata de un tipo de <\/strong>transformaci\u00f3n de la materia org\u00e1nica mediante el fuego, y \u201calgo m\u00e1s\u201d (a saber qu\u00e9), de tal modo que tras a\u00f1adirse al suelo le otorgaba de una fertilidad enormemente superior a la de los pobres suelos naturales de la regi\u00f3n<\/strong><\/span>. Y tal enmienda, al parecer, lograba persistir durante cientos y\/o miles de a\u00f1os<\/strong><\/span>. De este modo, territorios inf\u00e9rtiles adquir\u00edan una fertilidad pasmosa<\/span>. La ciencia moderna intenta descubrir el secreto, con vistas a<\/span><\/strong> poder obtener con nuestra portentosa tecnolog\u00eda lo que los ind\u00edgenas hac\u00edan sin pr\u00e1cticamente ninguna. A\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, unos investigadores japoneses mostraron al mundo el biochar natural a baja temperatura de las culturas del Nepal<\/a>. Pues bien, en la noticia de hoy se nos informa que algo parecido ha sido hallado en pueblos abor\u00edgenes del oeste de \u00c1frica<\/strong><\/span>. \u00a1S\u00ed1, ellos tambi\u00e9n transformaban suelos improductivos en altamente productivos sin necesidad de tecnol\u00f3gica, enormes insumos de agroqu\u00edmicos contaminantes y otras pr\u00e1cticas que a la postre han resultado insustentables. Si logramos <\/span>esclarecer el secreto de aquellos que han venido denomin\u00e1ndose \u201csalvajes\u201d en occidente, alcanzar la sustentabilidad y la soberan\u00eda alimentaria a nivel mundial podr\u00eda considerarse como un objetivo viable y pr\u00f3ximo en el tiempo<\/span><\/strong>. Varios aspectos resultan asombrosos cuando hablamos de este tema<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n \u00bfC\u00f3mo es posible que<\/strong><\/span> tras casi quince a\u00f1os de intentos para desentra\u00f1ar tal enigma la ciencia actual sea impotente, con todo nuestro instrumental y bagaje cient\u00edfico?<\/p>\n \u00bfC\u00f3mo es posible que se lograra tal haza\u00f1a en tres continentes distintos (Am\u00e9rica, Asia y \u00c1frica<\/strong>) <\/span>por pueblos que todo indica que jam\u00e1s mantuvieron comunicaci\u00f3n alguna?. Empero<\/strong><\/span> un manejo y enmienda semejante dicen que fue practicado en lo denominados Jardines Preuropeos Maor\u00edes de Nueva Zelanda<\/a>, es decir en Ocean\u00eda<\/strong><\/span>. De ser as\u00ed, tan solo en Europa (por lo menos hasta la fecha, seg\u00fan los estudios realizados), sus culturas ancestrales fueron incapaces de fabricar tal piedra filosofal. \u00bfQui\u00e9n defiende pues la supremac\u00eda aria?<\/p>\n Resulta complicado asumir todo este entramado de hechos y desechos<\/strong> <\/span>carbonizados.\u00a0 Aquellos amantes del misterio, siempre podr\u00e1n apelar a que unos extraterrestres, al ver tanta miseria humana en el pasado, nos ofrecieron este regalito. \u00bfO realmente\u00a0 nuestros ancestros lograron de alguna forma, aun por descifrar comunicarse globalmente? De ser cierto todo lo publicado en las revistas cient\u00edficas,\u00a0 \u00bfc\u00f3mo es posible que este tema no se haya convertido en una prioridad de primer orden mundial? <\/strong><\/span>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 no se nos despide a todos los agr\u00f3nomos y edaf\u00f3logos en vista de nuestra incompetencia?\u00a0 Un misterio detr\u00e1s de otro<\/strong><\/span>. Una de tres; \u00bfO somos incompetentes, o somos imb\u00e9ciles, o la ciencia agron\u00f3mica actual demuestra ser sumamente ineficiente?.<\/p>\n Os dejo pues con el material nuevo y una relaci\u00f3n de los post previos (que no todos) relacionados con el tema……<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Ancient West African soil technique could mitigate climate change<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n by Brooks Hays An <\/strong>ancient <\/strong>soil-enrichment strategy practiced by West African farmers <\/strong>could boost agricultural yields across the continent and help farmers mitigate the negative effects of global warming<\/strong>.<\/p>\n For at least 700 years, villagers in West Africa have replenished nutrient-poor rain forest soils with charcoal and kitchen waste, transforming the lifeless dirt into rich, fertile compost<\/strong>.<\/p>\n A team of researchers from Europe, the United States and West Africa tested soil from dozens of sites in Ghana and Liberia and found 200 to 300 percent more organic carbon than unenriched soil<\/strong>. The scientists detailed their findings in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Desde hace al menos 700 a\u00f1os, los habitantes de \u00c1frica Occidental han rellenado los suelos de la selva tropical y pobres en nutrientes con carb\u00f3n vegetal y residuos de cocina, la transformaci\u00f3n de la tierra sin vida en compost rico y f\u00e9rtil.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Un equipo de investigadores de Europa, Estados Unidos y \u00c1frica Occidental a testado el suelo de docenas de sitios en Ghana y Liberia, detectando entre 200 y 300 por ciento m\u00e1s de carbono org\u00e1nico del suelo que los no enriquecidos<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Researchers say the fortified soils, which they’ve dubbed \u00abAfrican Dark Earths,\u00bb can better sustain intensive farming than other less fertile soils in Africa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u00abMimicking this ancient method has the potential to transform the lives of thousands of people living in some of the most poverty and hunger stricken regions in Africa<\/strong>,\u00bb lead researcher James Fairhead, from the University of Sussex, said in a news release. \u00abMore work needs to be done but this simple, effective farming practice could be an answer to major global challenges such as developing ‘climate smart’ agricultural systems which can feed growing populations and adapt to climate change<\/strong>.\u00bb<\/p>\n Los investigadores averiguaron que los suelos enriquecidos por estos procedimientos y denominados Tierras oscuras Africanas<\/strong>, que pueden mejorar una agricultura intensiva que otros suelos menos f\u00e9rtiles de \u00c1frica.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n \u00abImitando este el antiguo m\u00e9todo que practican se tiene el potencial de transformar la vida de miles de personas que viven en algunas de las regiones m\u00e1s pobres y afectadas por el hambre en \u00c1frica\u00bb (\u2026.). \u00abQueda mucho trabajo por hacer, pero esta simple pr\u00e1ctica agr\u00edcola, eficaz podr\u00eda ser una respuesta a los grandes retos mundiales, tales como el desarrollo de sistemas agr\u00edcolas<\/em> sustentables que pueden alimentar a una poblaci\u00f3n en aumento, a la par que secuestran carbono, lo cual favorece la adaptaci\u00f3n al cambio clim\u00e1tico \u00ab<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Similarly rich soils, enhanced by ancient Amazonian farmers, have been found in South America, but their enrichment techniques aren’t yet known<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u00abWhat is most surprising is that in both Africa and in Amazonia, these two isolated indigenous communities living far apart in distance and time were able to achieve something that the modern-day agricultural management practices could not achieve until now<\/span><\/strong>,\u00bb said lead study author Dawit Solomon, from Cornell University.<\/p>\n Del mismo modo, que los suelos mejorados (fertilizados o enmendados) antr\u00f3picamente por los antiguos agricultores de la Amazon\u00eda antiguos encontrados en Am\u00e9rica del Sur Las Terras Prettas do Indio, sus t\u00e9cnicas de enriquecimiento se desconocen.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Lo m\u00e1s sorprendente es que tanto en \u00c1frica como en la Amazon\u00eda, estas dos comunidades ind\u00edgenas aisladas y enormemente alejadas entre s\u00ed fueron capaces de lograr algo que las pr\u00e1cticas actuales que practicamos hoy en d\u00eda no logran emular.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u00abThe discovery of this indigenous climate smart soil-management practice is extremely timely<\/strong>,\u00bb Solomon added. \u00abThis valuable strategy to improve soil fertility while also contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation<\/strong> in Africa could become an important component of the global climate smart agricultural management strategy to achieve food security<\/strong>.\u00bb<\/p>\n A farming technique practised for centuries by villagers in West Africa, which converts nutrient-poor rainforest soil into fertile farmland, could be the answer to mitigating climate change and revolutionising farming across Africa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n A global study, led by the University of Sussex, which included anthropologists and soil scientists from Cornell, Accra, and Aarhus Universities and the Institute of Development Studies, has for the first-time identified and analysed rich fertile soils found in Liberia and Ghana.<\/p>\n They discovered that the ancient West African method of adding charcoal and kitchen waste to highly weathered, nutrient poor tropical soils can transform the land into enduringly fertile, carbon-rich black soils which the researchers dub ‘African Dark Earths’.<\/p>\n From analysing 150 sites in northwest Liberia and 27 sites in Ghana researchers found that these highly fertile soils contain 200-300 percent more organic carbon than other soils and are capable of supporting far more intensive farming.<\/p>\n Professor James Fairhead, from the University of Sussex, who initiated the study, said: \u00abMimicking this ancient method has the potential to transform the lives of thousands of people living in some of the most poverty and hunger stricken regions in Africa.<\/p>\n \u00abMore work needs to be done but this simple, effective farming practice could be an answer to major global challenges such as developing ‘climate smart’ agricultural systems which can feed growing populations and adapt to climate change.\u00bb<\/p>\n Similar soils created by Amazonian people in pre-Columbian eras have recently been discovered in South America – but the techniques people used to create these soils are unknown. Moreover, the activities which led to the creation of these anthropogenic soils were largely disrupted after the European conquest.<\/p>\n Encouragingly researchers in the West Africa study were able to live within communities as they created their fertile soils. This enabled them to learn the techniques used by the women from the indigenous communities who disposed of ash, bones and other organic waste to create the African Dark Earths.<\/p>\n Dr Dawit Solomon, the lead author from Cornell University, said: \u00abWhat is most surprising is that in both Africa and in Amazonia, these two isolated indigenous communities living far apart in distance and time were able to achieve something that the modern-day agricultural management practices could not achieve until now.<\/p>\n \u00abThe discovery of this indigenous climate smart soil-management practice is extremely timely. This valuable strategy to improve soil fertility while also contributing to climate-change mitigation and adaptation in Africa could become an important component of the global climate-smart agricultural management strategy to achieve food security.\u00bb<\/p>\n The study, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, entitled \u00abIndigenous African soil enrichment as a climate-smart sustainable agriculture alternative\u00bb, has been published in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and Environment can be found here.<\/p>\n Explore this journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment<\/a><\/p>\n View issue TOC<\/a> Indigenous African soil enrichment as a climate-smart sustainable agriculture alternative<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Authors: Dawit Solomon, et al.,\u00a0<\/strong>First published: 1 March 2016Full publication history<\/a>; DOI: 10.1002\/fee.1226View\/save citation<\/a><\/p>\n Abstract<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n We describe for the first time a current indigenous soil management system in West Africa, in which targeted waste deposition transforms highly weathered, nutrient- and carbon-poor tropical soils into enduringly fertile, carbon-rich black soils<\/strong>, hereafter \u201cAfrican Dark Earths\u201d (AfDE<\/strong>). In comparisons between AfDE and adjacent soils (AS), AfDE store 200\u2013300% more organic carbon and contain 2\u201326 times greater pyrogenic carbon<\/strong> (PyC). PyC persists much longer in soil as compared with other types of organic carbon<\/strong>, making it important for long-term carbon storage and soil fertility. In contrast with the nutrient-poor and strongly acidic (pH 4.3\u20135.3) AS, AfDE exhibit slightly acidic (pH 5.6\u20136.4) conditions ideal for plant growth, 1.4\u20133.6 times greater cation exchange capacity, and 1.3\u20132.2 and 5\u2013270 times more plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Anthropological investigations reveal that AfDE make a disproportionately large contribution (24%) to total farm household income despite its limited spatial extent. Radiocarbon (14<\/sup>C) aging of PyC indicates the recent development of these soils (115\u2013692 years before present). AfDE provide a model for improving the fertility of highly degraded soils in an environmentally and socially appropriate way, in resource-poor and food-insecure regions of the world. The method is also \u201cclimate-smart\u201d, as these soils sequester carbon and enhance the climate-change mitigation potential of carbon-poor tropical soils.<\/p>\n Pyrogenic carbon (PyC; includes soot, char, black carbon, and biochar)<\/a> is produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter accompanying biomass burning and fossil fuel consumption<\/strong>. PyC is pervasive in the environment, distributed throughout the atmosphere as well as soils, sediments, and water in both the marine and terrestrial environment<\/strong>. The physicochemical characteristics of PyC are complex and highly variable<\/strong>, dependent on the organic precursor and the conditions of formation. A component of PyC is highly recalcitrant and persists in the environment for millennia. However<\/strong>, it is now clear that a significant proportion of PyC undergoes transformation, translocation, and remineralization by a range of biotic and abiotic processes on comparatively short timescales. Here we synthesize current knowledge of the production, stocks, and fluxes of PyC as well as the physical and chemical processes through which it interacts as a dynamic component of the global carbon cycle.<\/p>\n Algunos de los muchos post previos sobre los or\u00edgenes del biochar y sus propiedades<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Biodiversidad, Culturas Prehisp\u00e1nicas y Suelos (\u00bfMito de los Bosques Primigenios en la Amazon\u00eda?)<\/a><\/p>\n Cultivos de Tala y Quema en el Amazon\u00eda (Chamiceras) y la Calidad del Suelo<\/a><\/p>\n Francisco de Orellana y la Cultura Perdida del Amazon\u00eda: Del Origen de las Terras Pretas a los Fertilizantes del Futuro <\/a><\/p>\n Terras Pretas del Amazonas: Distribuci\u00f3n y Caracter\u00edsticas Generales<\/a><\/p>\n Terras Pretas: Propiedades y Fertilidad (Biochar o Agrichar)<\/a><\/p>\n Biocarb\u00f3n, Fertilidad de Suelos y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico<\/a><\/p>\n Biochar, Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Secuestro de Carbono, Suelos y Marketing Empresarial<\/a><\/p>\n Biochar Personalizados Para todo tipo de Suelos y Cultivos<\/a><\/p>\n Fertilizantes Nitrogenados, \u00d3xido Nitroso, Contaminaci\u00f3n y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico<\/a><\/p>\n
\nSussex, England (UPI) Jun 16, 2016<\/p>\n700-year-old West African soil technique could help mitigate climate change<\/strong><\/a>
\n<\/strong>by Staff Writers;\u00a0Sussex, UK (SPX) Jun 21, 2016<\/h2>\n
\nVolume 14, Issue 2; March 2016; Pages 71\u201376; Research Communications<\/p>\nArt\u00edculo original en acceso abierto sobre Suelos pir\u00f3gen\u00e9ticos o biochar.<\/a><\/h3>\n