{"id":81275,"date":"2007-12-23T16:08:00","date_gmt":"2007-12-23T16:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2007\/12\/23\/81275.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:45:54","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:45:54","slug":"el-concepto-de-especie-tipo-de-suelo-y-la-filosofia-de-la-ciencia-el-realismo-promiscuo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2007\/12\/23\/81275","title":{"rendered":"El Concepto de Especie, Tipo de Suelo y la Filosof\u00eda de la Ciencia (El Realismo Promiscuo)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">\u00bfSon las especies biol\u00f3gicas reales? \u00bfExiste en la naturaleza algo parecido a los tipos de Suelos? \u00bfSe trata de invenciones de la mente humana?<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"> La mayor\u00eda de los ciudadanos responder\u00edan que por supuesto las especies biol\u00f3gicas son reales. Algo parecido espetar\u00edan los tax\u00f3nomos del \u00e1mbito de la biolog\u00eda. Menos claras parecen las cosas cuando hablamos de tipos de suelos. De hecho son muchos los edaf\u00f3logos que consideran que son entes artificiales, es decir, constructos de la mente humana. Sin embargo, como veremos en este post, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ambos conceptos pudieran ser verdaderos o falsos, o ambas cosas a la vez. \u00bfQu\u00e9 ocurre en realidad?<\/SPAN><\/B> <\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><IMG style=\"WIDTH: 178px; HEIGHT: 244px\" height=265 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/159\/o_Biophilosophy.JPG\" width=188><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><!--more--><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">El libro<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"> Escrito por <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Rolf Sattler (Biophilosophy o Biofilosof\u00eda)<\/SPAN><\/B> es de esas obras que pasan desapercibidas para la mayor\u00eda de los expertos. Sin embargo <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">es magn\u00edfico, uno de los mejores que he le\u00eddo sobre la Filosof\u00eda de la Biolog\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B>. Adicionalmente, atesora el valor de ser enormemente <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">claro y conciso<\/SPAN><\/B>, algo infrecuente cuando se escribe sobre estos temas. El autor no es un fil\u00f3sofo de la ciencia, sino un experto en morfolog\u00eda de plantas. Quiz\u00e1s por esa raz\u00f3n sea tan <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ameno y f\u00e1cil de leer<\/SPAN><\/B>. Es una verdadera l\u00e1stima que ninguna editorial lo tradujera al castellano. Ya hemos hablado de las escuelas filos\u00f3ficas denominadas <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/11\/17\/78925.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>nominalistas, conceptualistas y realistas<\/FONT><\/A>. Sin embargo debemos retornar a ellas.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">Recordemos que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">para los nominalistas los conceptos carecen de cualquier relaci\u00f3n con la realidad, al contrario que los realistas<\/SPAN><\/B>. En consecuencia los primeros defienden que no existe nada de la naturaleza que atesore la esencia de especie. Obviamente los segundos opinan todo lo contrario. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Sattler, resume as\u00ed la situaci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B>: <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 28.3pt 0pt 1cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">\u00ab<I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">&#8230;. <\/I><\/SPAN><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Two extreme views have been taken already&#8230;The nominalists think that concepts are only names that lack any relationship to reality&#8230;.. Conceptual realists claim, however, that at least some of the concepts are real. This mean that they \u00abexist in themselves and would exist even if there were no minds to be aware of them\u00bb (Woozley 1967). Hence they are not the result of abstraction&#8230;. Among biologists we also find nominalists and realists. For example<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">, species by some considered just a names devoid of a representation of reality, whereas others maintain that species are real, i.e. they are natural kinds<\/SPAN> <\/B>(see, e.g., kitts and kitts 1967). Maybe it is fair to say that most of the practising biologists are conceptual realists or have tendency toward this position. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Thus genes, cells, organs, organisms and species are real&#8230; where higher taxonomic categories such as families, orders or phyla are often considered to be unreal or only partially real.<\/SPAN><\/B>&#8230; There are also authors who take position somewhat intermediate between extreme nominalism and realism that postulates natural kinds defined by the possession of common (essential) properties <\/SPAN><\/I><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol\"><SPAN style=\"mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol\">[<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/I><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">see, e.g., <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Dupr\u00e9 (1981) who defends a \u00abpromiscuous realism\u00bb according to which species lack essences because they are seen as peaks in a continuum<\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><\/I><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol\"><SPAN style=\"mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol\">]<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/I><\/B><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">; although view may come closer to nature than postulate of <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">natural kinds (essences<\/SPAN><\/B>), it is questionable whether it applies to \u00abochlospecies with a mainly unresiolvable, reticulate variation pattern\u00bb (Whitmore, 1976, p.25<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">). I think that neither realism nor nominalism are tenable in the extreme forms as described above<\/SPAN><\/B>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Since concepts are abstractions from reality, they are not totally fictitious; they do represent at least certain features of reality&#8230;.<\/SPAN><\/B>\u00ab<\/SPAN><\/I><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 28.3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">Rolf nos viene a decir que en el \u00e1mbito de la biolog\u00eda existen realistas, nominalistas y otros que se sit\u00faan en posiciones intermedias de ambos <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ant\u00f3nimos o conceptos contrarios<\/SPAN><\/B>. Dentro de estos \u00faltimos, resulta especialmente interesante la posici\u00f3n de <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Dupr\u00e9<\/SPAN><\/B> al se\u00f1alar con su \u201c<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">realismo promiscuo<\/SPAN><\/B>\u201d que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">las especies son picos de un continuo<\/SPAN><\/B>, por cuanto enlaza con otro ant\u00f3nimo: <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">continuo-discreto<\/SPAN><\/B> del que hablamos en nuestro post sobre <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/11\/25\/79544.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>pensamiento anal\u00f3gico versus pensamiento digital<\/FONT><\/A>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">Resulta curioso que, en el \u00e1mbito de la edafolog\u00eda muchos critiquen la clasificaci\u00f3n de suelos en unidades discretas<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">, apelando a que la edafosfera es un continuo, por lo que la categorizaci\u00f3n o cosificaci\u00f3n en edafotaxa singulares es a todas luces artificial (para ellos, claro est\u00e1). Ya mostramos que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">tal apreciaci\u00f3n resulta ser totalmente err\u00f3nea<\/SPAN><\/B> en el post dedicado a <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/07\/11\/69745.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>taxonom\u00edas num\u00e9ricas versus taxonom\u00edas tradicionales<\/FONT><\/A>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">\u00bfPor qu\u00e9?<\/SPAN><\/B> Simplemente baste decir que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la gr\u00e1fica que muestran sus defensores para denostar las clasificaciones tradicionales cae justamente en lo que Dupr\u00e9 denomina picos de un continuo<\/SPAN><\/B>. Es decir, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">defienden un nominalismo extremo bas\u00e1ndose en \u201crealismo promiscuo\u201d<\/SPAN><\/B> como se puede observar claramente en la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">figura aludida<\/SPAN><\/B> y que volvemos a reproducir abajo.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<IMG style=\"WIDTH: 416px; HEIGHT: 223px\" height=350 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/290\/o_Dilema%20del%20Continuo%20y%20MacBratney.jpg\" width=636><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/07\/11\/69745.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Posibles modos de continuidad-discontinuidad entre <o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/07\/11\/69745.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>diferentes los tipos de suelos (Seg\u00fan Mcbratney y <SPAN lang=ES style=\"mso-ansi-language: ES\">Gruijter 1992)<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/07\/11\/69745.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Ver leyenda pinchando aqu\u00ed<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">Como <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Sattler<\/SPAN><\/B> comenta y <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/12\/01\/80077.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Lev\u00ed-Leblond<\/FONT><\/A> apoyar\u00eda, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ni el nominalismo ni el realismo extremo pueden sostenerse<\/SPAN><\/B> hoy en d\u00eda: como ya comentamos en su momento. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">Tambi\u00e9n resulta interesante la apreciaci\u00f3n comentada por <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Sattler<\/SPAN><\/B> y ampliamente aceptada entre los bi\u00f3logos de que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los genes son entes reales<\/SPAN><\/B>. El libro de este autor data de 1986. Sin embargo, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">hoy en d\u00eda al menos varios gen\u00e9ticos moleculares prestigiosos comienzan a dudar de tal aserto<\/SPAN><\/B>, tras comenzar a analizar en profundidad el genoma humano, como se puede leer en la <A href=\"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/informacionIDI\/noticias\/noticia.asp?id=24985\"><FONT color=#800080>siguiente noticia<\/FONT><\/A>. Por esta raz\u00f3n <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">detesto las afirmaciones<\/SPAN><\/B> de muchos colegas <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">cuando hablan de verdad cient\u00edfica<\/SPAN><\/B>. <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 2.2pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Personalmente me adscribo a <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la ideolog\u00eda relativista moderada (realismo promiscuo)<\/SPAN><\/B>, moderada, aunque sofisticada<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">, postulada por Sattler y Dupr\u00e9<\/SPAN><\/B>. Como ya hemos comentado, en el \u00e1mbito de la <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>Edafolog\u00eda, esta pol\u00e9mica podr\u00eda tener correspondencia con en el debate sobre si los cuerpos de suelo son entidades \u00abnaturales\u00bb o artificiales. En los \u00ab<I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">benchmark papers<\/I>\u00bb recopilados por Finkl Jnr (1982), diversas figuras actuales y pasadas de la disciplina mentada debaten el tema en profundidad. Por supuesto se mostraban perspectivas para todos los gustos.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">En este sentido, tambi\u00e9n cabe mentar como el Bur\u00f3 Europeo de Suelos\u00bb public\u00f3 una monograf\u00eda titulada \u201c<A href=\"http:\/\/eusoils.jrc.it\/ESDB_Archive\/eusoils_docs\/other\/ManualVer11ES4.zip\"><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><FONT color=#800080>Georeferenced Soil Database for Europe<\/FONT><\/I><\/A><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">: Manual of Procedures<\/I>\u00bb (1998), entre cuyos autores se encuentra este impresentable administrador, en el cual <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">se adoptan tambi\u00e9n la perspectiva defendida por Sattler<\/SPAN><\/B> al comentar en el Cap\u00edtulo 4 (\u00abConceptos Generales\u00bb). <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\">Pues bien, all\u00ed defendimos que:<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>\u00ab<I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">It has been debated (Cline, 1977) <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">whether the universe of soils comprehends discrete physical bodies, large enough to enable classification into a taxonomic system or whether it should be considered as a continuum<\/SPAN><\/B> (Marbut, 1935). The <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">soil body is here considered as an artificial but recognisable three-dimensional entity in a soil continuum<\/SPAN><\/B>. Within the soil body we <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">recognise two kinds of variability (i)<\/SPAN><\/B> diversity which results from the possible occurrence of different pedotaxa (artificial classes) within the soil body, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">and (ii)<\/SPAN><\/B> spatial variability of soil properties, which is of more continuous nature<\/I>\u00ab. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Al igual que <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/03\/08\/15257.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Fridland en 1986<\/FONT><\/A>, y como vengo repitiendo en varios art\u00edculos y cap\u00edtulos de libros desde 1998 (en <A href=\"http:\/\/www.maikonline.com\/maik\/showArticle.do?auid=VAEFC462FW\"><FONT color=#800080>este<\/FONT><\/A> y en <A href=\"http:\/\/eusoils.jrc.it\/ESDB_Archive\/eusoils_docs\/esb_rr\/n07_ESBResRep07\/304Ibanez.pdf\"><FONT color=#800080>este<\/FONT><\/A>, por citar tan solo dos), soy de la opini\u00f3n de que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el manto de suelos o edafosfera es: \u00abuna entidad discreto-continua\u00bb<\/SPAN><\/B>. Del mismo modo, Hole and Campbell en 1985 siguiendo las propuestas de Fridland se\u00f1alaban que \u00ab.<I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">.. La heterogeneidad o diversidad de los paisajes de suelos puede ser expresada en t\u00e9rminos de la complejidad taxon\u00f3mica de sus tipos de suelos constituyentes&#8230;.\u00bb<\/I>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><IMG src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/189\/o_15Concepto%20de%20especie.svg.JPG\"><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especie\"><FONT color=#800080>Especies y jerarqu\u00edas taxon\u00f3micas en Biolog\u00eda<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especie\"><FONT color=#800080>Fuente Wikipedia Espa\u00f1ola<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Ahora vosotros pod\u00e9is leer en <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Wikipedia<\/SPAN><\/B> acerca <A href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especie\"><FONT color=#800080>del concepto de especie<\/FONT><\/A> y <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">reflexionar sobre la vaguedad del concepto<\/SPAN><\/B> y la pl\u00e9tora de proposiciones existentes en la literatura. Si esto ocurre en el \u00e1mbito de las ciencias de la vida, con individuos discretos y miles de expertos analizando el \u201cproblema\u201d, \u00bfcomo no va a ocurrir los mismo con el concepto de taxa en otras disciplinas? <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cracked Johnnie'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cracked Johnnie'\">Continuar\u00e1<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'\">\u2026\u2026<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cracked Johnnie'\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cracked Johnnie'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center\" align=center><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\">Sumario de los post editados en \u201cCurso B\u00e1sico sobre Filosof\u00eda y Sociolog\u00eda de la Ciencia hasta este post (pinchar en los n\u00fameros para desplegar los post)<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/09\/21\/42563.aspx\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 es esa cosa llamada Ciencia?<\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/10\/08\/45363.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">El M\u00e9todo Cient\u00edfico<\/SPAN><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/09\/54549.aspx\">Curso B\u00e1sico sobre Filosof\u00eda y Sociolog\u00eda de la Ciencia<\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2005\/12\/20\/11008.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">Reduccionismo Epistemol\u00f3gico<\/SPAN><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\">Ciencia e Inducci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\"> [<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/09\/54568.aspx\">1<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/13\/55116.aspx\">2<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/17\/55441.aspx\">3<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/17\/55451.aspx\">4<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/22\/55811.aspx\">5<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/23\/55843.aspx\">6<\/A>,<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\"> <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/12\/24\/55882.aspx\">7<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/01\/03\/56466.aspx\">8<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/01\/04\/56523.aspx\">9<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/01\/06\/56646.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">10<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\">, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/01\/06\/56646.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">11<\/SPAN><\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/01\/27\/58211.aspx\">12<\/A>,<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/01\/28\/58262.aspx\"> 13<\/A>,]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\">El C\u00edrculo de Viena y el Positivismo L\u00f3gico <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/08\/04\/71181.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">41<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\">Filosof\u00eda de Karl Poper: El Falsacionismo<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\"> [<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/02\/03\/58614.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">14<\/SPAN><\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/02\/10\/59009.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">15<\/SPAN><\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/02\/10\/59010.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">16<\/SPAN><\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/02\/17\/59475.aspx\">19<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/02\/24\/59924.aspx\">20<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/03\/03\/60326.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">21<\/SPAN><\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/03\/10\/60880.aspx\">23<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/03\/17\/61558.aspx\">24<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/03\/23\/62137.aspx\">25<\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/03\/23\/62145.aspx\">26<\/A>]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\">Filosof\u00eda de la Teor\u00eda de la Evoluci\u00f3n y Sociedad <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN>[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/02\/14\/59275.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">17<\/SPAN><\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/02\/14\/59285.aspx\">18<\/A>],<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">Naturaleza y ense\u00f1anza de la Ciencia<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"> [<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/03\/03\/60332.aspx\">22<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/04\/01\/62705.aspx\">Las Teor\u00edas Cient\u00edficas Como Estructuras Complejas<\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">La Filosof\u00eda de Imre Lakatos<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>[<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/04\/15\/63581.aspx\">28<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">, <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/04\/21\/64084.aspx\">29<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">, <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/04\/28\/64566.aspx\">30<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">, <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/05\/05\/64981.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">31<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">, <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/05\/12\/65443.aspx\">32<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">La Filosof\u00eda de Thom\u00e1s Kuhn<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"> <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">[<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/05\/19\/65903.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">33<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">,<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/05\/26\/66445.aspx\"> 34<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">, <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/06\/02\/66914.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">35<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">, <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/06\/10\/67410.aspx\">36<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">,<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/06\/17\/67885.aspx\"> 37<\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">Filosof\u00edas Radicales de la Ciencia: Feyerabend y m\u00e1s<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\"> <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">[<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/07\/08\/69567.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">38<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'\">]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">Filosof\u00eda de la Ciencia versus filosof\u00edas cient\u00edficas<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"> [<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/07\/20\/70329.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">39<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">\u00bfEs la mente fractal?<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"> [<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/08\/01\/71004.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">40<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=standaard style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR\">\u00bfFilosof\u00eda Cu\u00e1ntica?&nbsp;<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD\">[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/08\/12\/71613.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">42<\/SPAN><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\">Seredipidad o Serendipia y la L\u00f3gica de los Descubrimientos Cient\u00edficos <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/10\/20\/76837.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">43<\/SPAN><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\">El Dudoso Estatus de los Ciencia Modelos de Simulaci\u00f3n Predicativos <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/10\/27\/77520.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">44<\/SPAN><\/A>]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">Filosof\u00eda de la Tecnolog\u00eda y Ortega y Gasset<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"> [<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/11\/03\/78003.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">45<\/SPAN><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\">Los Conceptos y Sus Limitaciones: Vivir en la Incertidumbre <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/11\/10\/78477.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">46<\/SPAN><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\">Nominalismo, Realismo y Conceptualismo: Sobre el significado de concepto <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/11\/17\/78925.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">47<\/SPAN><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\">Pensamiento Anal\u00f3gico y Pensamiento Digital: Acerca de lo Continuo y lo Discreto <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/11\/25\/79544.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">48<\/SPAN><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/12\/01\/80077.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">El Discurso Cient\u00edfico,&nbsp;Conceptos Contrarios y&nbsp;Jean-Marc L\u00e9vy-Leblond<\/SPAN><\/A> <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\">[<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/12\/01\/80077.aspx\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: purple\">49<\/SPAN><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR\">Sobre Ciencia, Filosof\u00eda de la ciencia y religi\u00f3n&nbsp;:<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\"> [<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/12\/08\/80527.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>50<\/FONT><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Clasificaciones, la Percepci\u00f3n del Mundo y el Progreso Acumulativo de la Ciencia <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/12\/15\/80973.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>51<\/FONT><\/A>]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: FR\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">El Concepto de Especie, Tipos de Suelo y la Filosof\u00eda de la Ciencia: Realismo Promiscuo <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.15pt\">[52]<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=ES-TRAD style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00bfSon las especies biol\u00f3gicas reales? \u00bfExiste en la naturaleza algo parecido a los tipos de Suelos? \u00bfSe trata de invenciones de la mente humana? La mayor\u00eda de los ciudadanos responder\u00edan que por supuesto las especies biol\u00f3gicas son reales. Algo parecido espetar\u00edan los tax\u00f3nomos del \u00e1mbito de la biolog\u00eda. Menos claras parecen las cosas cuando hablamos de tipos de suelos. De hecho son muchos los edaf\u00f3logos que consideran que son entes artificiales, es decir, constructos de la mente humana. Sin embargo, como veremos en este post, ambos conceptos pudieran ser verdaderos o falsos, o ambas cosas a la vez. \u00bfQu\u00e9 ocurre\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[609,597,587,601],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81275"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81275"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81275\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134552,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81275\/revisions\/134552"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=81275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=81275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}