{"id":86552,"date":"2008-03-13T10:24:00","date_gmt":"2008-03-13T10:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2008\/03\/13\/86552.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:46:54","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:46:54","slug":"contaminacion-de-suelos-y-biocombustibles-las-mareas-rojas-y-puntos-muertos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2008\/03\/13\/86552","title":{"rendered":"Contaminaci\u00f3n de Suelos y Biocombustibles: Las Mareas Rojas y Puntos Muertos"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">En el \u00faltimo post de <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Salvador Gonz\u00e1les Carcedo<\/SPAN><\/B>: <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/03\/11\/86379.aspx\">\u00bfLa producci\u00f3n de Biopetr\u00f3leo es una estrategia de bloom o floraci\u00f3n algal?<\/A> (11 de Marzo de 2007), se nos <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">informaba detalladamente sobre las denominadas mareas rojas<\/SPAN><\/B> (que de hecho pueden tambi\u00e9n adquirir otros colores, seg\u00fan los organismos implicados). Como muchos de vosotros sab\u00e9is, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el exceso de fertilizaci\u00f3n de los cultivos termina por eutrofizar las aguas que v\u00eda cuencas de drenaje van a parar al mar<\/SPAN><\/B>. Se trata de u<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">n problema global que causa<\/SPAN><\/B>, en primer lugar las <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">mareas rojas<\/SPAN><\/B>, y de persistir,<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> puntos muertos<\/SPAN><\/B>. Estos \u00faltimos son \u00e1reas de los oc\u00e9anos carentes casi de vida, o dicho de otro modo, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">desiertos marinos que devienen a causa de la contaminaci\u00f3n terrestre<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">La histeria que causa actualmente la producci\u00f3n de biocombustibles se encuentra agravando seriamente un<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>problema<\/SPAN><\/B> ya de por s\u00ed grav\u00edsimo <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">en muchas regiones oce\u00e1nicas, como es el caso del Golfo de M\u00e9xico<\/SPAN><\/B>. S<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">in embargo, los gobiernos desean a toda consta mix energ\u00e9ticos <\/SPAN><\/B>que les liberen todo lo posible de su dependencia energ\u00e9tica de los combustibles f\u00f3siles. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Las econom\u00edas emergentes, que no reparan en nada ni en nadie<\/SPAN><\/B>, est\u00e1n poniendo a prueba el sistema econ\u00f3mico globalizante, al que se han incorporado como un elegante al llegar a una cacharrer\u00eda. Se trata de una <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">nueva \u201cvuelta de tuerca\u201d, que induce a que Estados como la USA desee incrementar<\/SPAN><\/B> m\u00e1s aun las extensiones destinadas al <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">biofuel de primera generaci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B> (cuando en teor\u00eda ya se nos promete <A href=\"http:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/informacionidi\/noticias\/noticia.asp?id=33589&amp;origen=notiweb\"><FONT color=#800080>la cuarta<\/FONT><\/A>). El otro d\u00eda, el Bolet\u00edn de noticias cient\u00edficas de este \u00faltimo pa\u00eds, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">TerraDaily<\/SPAN><\/B>\u201d ofrec\u00eda la siguiente nota de prensa: \u201c<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/US_Rush_To_Produce_Corn_Based_Ethanol_Will_Worsen_Dead_Zone_In_Gulf_Of_Mexico_999.html\"><SPAN lang=ES style=\"mso-ansi-language: ES\"><FONT color=#800080>US Rush To Produce Corn-Based Ethanol Will Worsen Dead Zone In Gulf Of Mexico<\/FONT><\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">\u201d. Se trata del resumen de un art\u00edculo publicado el 10 de marzo de 2008 por la Revista: \u201c<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Proceedings of the National Journal of Sciences<\/SPAN><\/B>\u201d. Sus autores, Donner and Chris Kucharik of the University of Wisconsin, analizaron <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">las repercusiones de las \u00faltimas medidas adoptadas por el Senado de EE.UU. para aumentar el cultivo de biocombustibles. Los resultados de sus estudios son demoledores<\/SPAN><\/B>: tras las mareas rojas iniciales, <SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"><STRONG>esta zona del sur de los Estados Unidos puede convertirse en un punto muerto sin retorno, afectando no solo al medio ambiente, sino que tambi\u00e9n arruinar\u00eda <\/STRONG><\/SPAN>(como es l\u00f3gico) toda la pesquer\u00eda y cosechas de quisquillas de la regi\u00f3n, muy importantes en el citado pa\u00eds. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><IMG style=\"WIDTH: 441px; HEIGHT: 316px\" height=751 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/804\/o_red%20tipe%201%20foto%20post.jpg\" width=559><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/ic.ucsc.edu\/~flegal\/etox80e\/SpecTopics\/AlgalBlooms\"><FONT color=#800080>Exceso de fertilizaci\u00f3n del suelo = marea roja<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><!--more--><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Ya hemos visto en otro post divulgativo (<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/02\/26\/85393.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Contaminaci\u00f3n del Suelo = Contaminaci\u00f3n Marina (El Vertedero Oce\u00e1nico<\/FONT><\/A>) como <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el exceso de la fertilizaci\u00f3n de los suelos genera la eutrofizaci\u00f3n de las aguas dulces (corrientes y subterr\u00e1neas) y finalmente la del medio marino<\/SPAN><\/B>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Primero<\/SPAN><\/B> vienen las <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">mareas rojas y despu\u00e9s<\/SPAN><\/B>, si el problema persiste, los <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">puntos muertos<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Los expertos que han llevado a cabo este estudio (ver resumen m\u00e1s abajo) han analizado las <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">consecuencias ambientales de cumplirse la pol\u00edtica promulgada por el senado de USA para el a\u00f1o 2022, es decir triplicar la producci\u00f3n actual del bioetanol basado en el ma\u00edz<\/SPAN><\/B>. <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>Con vistas a analizar los futuros escenarios ambientales que tal pol\u00edtica acarrear\u00eda, utilizaron otros potenciales del uso de la tierra, as\u00ed como modelos acu\u00e1ticos y terrestres del ciclo del nitr\u00f3geno. Calculan que, con vistas a cumplir los objetivos mentados, el aumento de fertilizantes conllevar\u00eda un aumento de la carga de nitr\u00f3geno del <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">r\u00edo Mississippi<\/SPAN><\/B> <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">deber\u00eda incrementarse entre un 10 y un 19%. Tal hecho<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>har\u00eda inviable la reoperaci\u00f3n de la vida en los mares del Golfo de M\u00e9xico<\/SPAN><\/B>. Actualmente, las zonas muertas aparecen todos los veranos, incrementando su extensi\u00f3n hasta los 20.000 Km<SUP>2<\/SUP>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><IMG style=\"WIDTH: 423px; HEIGHT: 398px\" height=398 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/804\/o_rtdeadfish.jpg\" width=360>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/earthguide.ucsd.edu\/hughes2001\/acct\/tdinh\/redtide\/whyredtideoccur.htm\"><FONT color=#800080>Marea roja = punto muerto: muerte y desolaci\u00f3n<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><IMG style=\"WIDTH: 428px; HEIGHT: 213px\" height=193 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/804\/o_Marea%20Roja%20en%20Mississipii%20quye%20es%20azul.jpg\" width=411>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/serc.carleton.edu\/microbelife\/marine\/topics.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Delta del Mississippi: Zona hip\u00f3xica en azul claro<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Por tanto, los autores llaman la atenci\u00f3n a las autoridades norteamericanas del <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">riesgo ambiental, alimentario, sanitario y econ\u00f3mico de triplicar la producci\u00f3n actual de etanol basado en el ma\u00edz<\/SPAN><\/B>. Y proponen, creo yo con cierta iron\u00eda (a no ser que fueran vegetarianos fan\u00e1ticos), que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">con vistas a no da\u00f1ar el medio ambiente acu\u00e1tico y terrestre, ser\u00eda m\u00e1s conveniente reducir dr\u00e1sticamente el consumo de carne en el pa\u00eds<\/SPAN><\/B> (que conlleva la ingesta de mucho pienso cubierto por cultivos de cereal, que de este modo podr\u00eda desviarse a la producci\u00f3n de bioetanol). <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Vamos que todos vegetarianos y <\/SPAN><\/B>una nueva guerra entre ganaderos y agricultores (de esas en Espa\u00f1a<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>vivimos muchas tiempo a tras). <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><IMG style=\"WIDTH: 430px; HEIGHT: 543px\" height=567 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/804\/o_red%20tide%20pintura.jpg\" width=462>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.meridithmartens.com\/gallery.htm\"><FONT color=#800080>Pintura de una marea roja de Meridith Martens<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">As\u00ed se hace pol\u00edtica actualmente. Este es un estudio, entre otros muchos, que llaman la atenci\u00f3n de l<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">a insustentabilidad de la pol\u00edtica actual de los biocombustibles<\/SPAN><\/B> generada esencialmente por las pa\u00edses desarrollados. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">\u00bfBiocombustibles o contaminaci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B>? <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>(..)<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><IMG style=\"WIDTH: 440px; HEIGHT: 300px\" height=483 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/804\/o_red%20tide3.jpg\" width=519><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN>&nbsp;<\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/serc.carleton.edu\/microbelife\/index.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Marea Roja (Fuente: Microbial life)<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Ese es el dilema. Obviamente es de esperar que futuros avances tecnol\u00f3gicos dejen a los suelos para generar alimentos \u201ccomestibles\u201d por el ser humano y dirijan la producci\u00f3n de biocombustibles hacia otros objetivos menos da\u00f1inos en t\u00e9rminos medioambientales<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"> y que, a fin de cuentas terminan por afectar a nuestra propia salud.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Sin embargo, esto es lo que hay. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Y tal pol\u00edtica ha generado, con el benepl\u00e1cito de demasiadas personas poco reflexivas, que un tal Al Gore ganara el Premio N\u00f3bel de la Paz<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u201cQue d\u00edos nos pille confesados\u201d. Porque de \u201c<I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">sapiens sapiens<\/I>\u201d poquito, por no decir nada<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Resumen de la Nota de Prensa Original<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">The U.S. government&#8217;s rush to produce corn-based ethanol as a fuel alternative will worsen pollution in the Gulf of Mexico, increasing a \u00abDead Zone\u00bb that kills fish and aquatic life<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, according to University of British Columbia researcher Simon Donner. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">In the first study of its kind, Donner and Chris Kucharik of the <\/SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" \/><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">University<\/SPAN><\/st1:PlaceType><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> of <\/SPAN><st1:PlaceName><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Wisconsin<\/SPAN><\/st1:PlaceName><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> quantify <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">the effect of biofuel production on the problem of nutrient pollution in a waterway<\/SPAN><\/B>. Their findings appear in the March 10 edition of the Proceedings of the National Journal of Sciences. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">The researchers looked at the estimated land and fertilizer required to meet proposed corn-based ethanol production goals.<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> Recently, the U.S. Senate announced its energy policy aims of generating 36 billion gallons annually of ethanol by the year 2022<\/SPAN><\/B>, of which 15 billion gallons can be produced from corn starch. The <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">corn-ethanol goal<\/SPAN><\/B> represents <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">more than three times than triple the production in 2006<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">\u00abThis rush to expand corn production is a disaster for the <\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Gulf of Mexico<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">,\u00bb says Donner, an assistant professor in the Dept. of Geography. \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">The U.S. energy policy will make it virtually impossible to solve the problem of the Dead Zone<\/SPAN><\/B>.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural fertilizer have been found to promote excess growth of algae in water bodies<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> &#8211; a problem that&#8217;s common across <\/SPAN><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">North America<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> and in many areas of the world. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">In some cases, <U>decomposition of algae consumes much of the oxygen in the water<\/U><\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Fertilizer applied to cornfields in the central <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">U.S.<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> &#8211; including states such as <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:State><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Illinois<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:State><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Iowa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:State><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Nebraska<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> and <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:State><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Wisconsin<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> <\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">&#8211; is the <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">primary source of nitrogen pollution in the <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Mississippi River<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> system<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, which drains into the <\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Gulf of Mexico<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Each summer, the export of nitrogen creates a large \u00abDead Zone\u00bb in the <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Gulf of Mexico<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, a region of oxygen-deprived waters that are unable to support aquatic life<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. In recent years, it has <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">reached over 20,000 km<SUP>2<\/SUP> <\/SPAN><\/B>in size, which is equivalent to the area of <\/SPAN><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">New Jersey<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Donner and Kucharik&#8217;s findings suggest that if the <\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">U.S.<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> were to meet its proposed ethanol production goals, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">nitrogen loading by the<\/SPAN><\/B> <\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Mississippi River<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> to the <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Gulf of Mexico<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> would increase by 10-19 per cent<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">To arrive at this figure, Donner and Kucharik <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">combined the agricultural land use scenarios with models of terrestrial and aquatic nitrogen cycling<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u00abThe nitrogen levels in the <\/SPAN><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Mississippi<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> will be more than twice the recommendation for the Gulf,\u00bb says Donner. \u00abIt will overwhelm all the suggested mitigation options.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">The results of the study <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">call into question the assumption that enough land exists to fulfill current feed crop demand and expand corn and other crop production for ethanol.<\/SPAN><\/B> The study concludes that <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">increasing ethanol production from <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">U.S.<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> croplands without endangering water quality and aquatic ecosystems will require a substantial reduction in meat consumption.<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En el \u00faltimo post de Salvador Gonz\u00e1les Carcedo: \u00bfLa producci\u00f3n de Biopetr\u00f3leo es una estrategia de bloom o floraci\u00f3n algal? (11 de Marzo de 2007), se nos informaba detalladamente sobre las denominadas mareas rojas (que de hecho pueden tambi\u00e9n adquirir otros colores, seg\u00fan los organismos implicados). Como muchos de vosotros sab\u00e9is, el exceso de fertilizaci\u00f3n de los cultivos termina por eutrofizar las aguas que v\u00eda cuencas de drenaje van a parar al mar. Se trata de un problema global que causa, en primer lugar las mareas rojas, y de persistir, puntos muertos. Estos \u00faltimos son \u00e1reas de los oc\u00e9anos carentes\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[594,584,591],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86552"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=86552"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86552\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134620,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86552\/revisions\/134620"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=86552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=86552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=86552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}