{"id":90773,"date":"2008-05-03T11:27:00","date_gmt":"2008-05-03T11:27:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2008\/05\/03\/90773.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:47:28","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:47:28","slug":"suelos-y-nanotecnologia-el-mapa-de-los-microagregados-del-suelo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2008\/05\/03\/90773","title":{"rendered":"Suelos y Nanotecnolog\u00eda: El Mapa de los Microagregados del Suelo"},"content":{"rendered":"

El 30 de Abril de 2008 la Revista Nature Geoscience<\/SPAN><\/B> public\u00f3 un art\u00edculo en donde se detallan los resultados del an\u00e1lisis de la primera imagen a nivel de nanoescala de un microagregado de un suelo<\/SPAN><\/B>.  <\/SPAN>Se abre as\u00ed una nueva l\u00ednea de investigaci\u00f3n en edafolog\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B> que, con toda seguridad, va a proporcionar una nueva perspectiva de su objeto de estudio. <\/SPAN>Johannes Lehmann de la Universidad de Cornell <\/SPAN><\/B>parece ser uno de los pioneros en la materia. En realidad, no se trata de su primera publicaci\u00f3n sobre el tema, ni mucho menos. Abajo os mostramos un art\u00edculo de la Revista de la Sociedad Americana de la Ciencia del Suelo sobre el tema, que puede bajarse libremente de Internet. Ambos abordan el an\u00e1lisis a nanoescalas de los agregados del suelo<\/SPAN><\/B>. En otro post que editaremos en poco tiempo, reflejaremos una noticia que une la nanoedafolog\u00eda y la etnoedafolog\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B> y dejar\u00e1 sorprendidos a la mayor parte de la audiencia. Pero esa es otra historia.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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Johannes Lehmann<\/FONT><\/A> (Foto)<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

He estado husmeando en la Web y he logrado tener acceso a los dos art\u00edculos mencionados, aunque Johannes ha escrito varios m\u00e1s. No soy experto en el tema, por lo que me ce\u00f1ir\u00e9   <\/SPAN>a redactar una breve s\u00edntesis, muy personal, remitiendo a los interesados a los res\u00famenes que incluimos en el post y los enlaces. Las im\u00e1genes del microagregado fueron obtenidas con una resoluci\u00f3n de 50 man\u00f3metros<\/SPAN><\/B>. Recordemos que 1 man\u00f3metro es igual a <\/SPAN><\/B>la amplitud de tres \u00e1tomos de silicio. M\u00e1s concretamente El nan\u00f3metro<\/SPAN><\/B> es<\/SPAN><\/B> la unidad de longitud que equivale a una milmillon\u00e9sima parte de un metro<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><\/B>, como nos recuerda Wikipedia. <\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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A nanoscale image of a carbon distribution<\/SPAN><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/EM><\/P>

map in a soil microaggregate. <\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

(Credit: Image courtesy of Cornell University)<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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Pues bien, Johannes y colaboradores obtuvieron con t\u00e9cnicas muy sofisticadas la imagen mencionada que luego convirtieron en un mapa del microagregado <\/SPAN><\/B>de la cual pod\u00edan determinar<\/SPAN>, <\/SPAN><\/B>mediante otros instrumentos, informaci\u00f3n a cerca de la estructura bioqu\u00edmica y composici\u00f3n de su materia org\u00e1nica<\/SPAN><\/B>. En consecuencia, los datos son enormemente precisos, a nivel espacial<\/SPAN><\/B>. Este hecho abre nuevos caminos para analizar el microcosmos de los suelos<\/SPAN><\/B>. Un an\u00e1lisis de im\u00e1genes temporalmente secuenciadas permitir\u00eda monitorizar<\/SPAN><\/B> lo que ocurre, por ejemplo<\/SPAN><\/B>, a un microagregado sometido a procesos de desecaci\u00f3n y humectaci\u00f3n. La heterogeneidad, diversidad y variabilidad que dice encontrar<\/SPAN><\/B> este investigador, a nivel de nanoescala<\/SPAN><\/B>, le pareci\u00f3 incre\u00edble<\/SPAN><\/B>. A mi personalmente no. El suelo es reciclador de toda la necromasa que recibe de las m\u00e1s variadas fuentes y esta atesora, por necesidad, una diversidad de compuestos hoy por hoy incalculable. En cualquier caso, si interesa resaltar que en lo que por procedimientos habituales parec\u00eda materia org\u00e1nica del suelo con propiedades similares, adquiere una enorme riqueza y complejidad a este nivel de resoluci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B>. <\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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Por todo lo anteriormente dicho, no me cabe la menor duda de que se abre una nueva puerta para el estudio del microcosmos ed\u00e1fico, y lo que es mejor, incorporando el factor espacio y posiblemente tambi\u00e9n el del tiempo<\/SPAN><\/B>. Con tales utensilios, al alcance de muy pocos hoy en d\u00eda, se iniciar\u00e1 una rama de la edafolog\u00eda que nos deparar\u00e1 sorpresas repletas de  <\/SPAN>paisajes insospechados<\/SPAN><\/B>. Y sin m\u00e1s os dejo con el material que he obtenido de libre acceso en Internet. Sin embargo, recomiendo a los que puedan que se hagan con el art\u00edculo original,  <\/SPAN>por cuanto sus fotograf\u00edas y mapas no tienen desperdicio.  <\/SPAN>Barrunto que nuestro conocimiento sobre el suelo va a dar un salto cualitativo impresionante, del que se beneficiar\u00e1 tambi\u00e9n la propia nanotecnolog\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u00a1Tiempo al tiempo!     <\/SPAN><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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Nanoscale Biogeocomplexity of the Organomineral Assemblage in Soil<\/FONT><\/A>: Application of STXM Microscopy and C 1s-NEXAFS Spectroscopy<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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First Nanoscale Image Of Soil Reveals An Incredible Variety, Rich With Patterns<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P>

ScienceDaily (Apr. 30, 2008)<\/SPAN><\/B> <\/SPAN>\u2014<\/SPAN> A handful of soil is a lot like a banana, strawberry and apple smoothie: Blended all together, it is hard to tell what’s in there, especially if you have never tasted the fruits before<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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But when you look at soil’s organic carbon closely, it has an incredible variety of known compounds<\/SPAN><\/B>. <\/SPAN>And looking closely is exactly what Cornell researchers have done for the first time — <\/SPAN>at a scale of 50 nanometers (1 nanometer equals the width of three silicon atoms). Until now, handfuls of soil humus<\/SPAN><\/B> (or the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms) <\/SPAN>looked remarkably similar<\/SPAN><\/B>.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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According to a study published in the April issue of<\/SPAN> Nature Geoscience<\/SPAN><\/B>, <\/SPAN>knowing the structure and detailed composition of soil carbon could provide a better understanding of the chemical processes that cycle organic matter in soil<\/SPAN><\/B>. For example, the research may help scientists understand what happens when materials in the soil get wet, warm or cool and how soils sequester carbon, <\/SPAN>which has implications for climate change<\/SPAN><\/B>.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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\u00ab<\/SPAN>There is this incredible nanoscale heterogeneity of organic matter in terms of soil,\u00bb said Johannes Lehmann, a Cornell associate professor<\/SPAN><\/B> of crop and soil sciences and <\/SPAN>lead author of the study. \u00abNone of these compounds that you can see on a nanoscale level looks anything close to the sum of the entire organic matter<\/SPAN><\/B>.\u00bb<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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The soil measurements (actually, images produced by a highly focused X-ray beam) were made at the <\/SPAN>National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory using an X-ray spectromicroscopy method <\/SPAN><\/B>developed by physicists at the State University of New York, Stony Brook. <\/SPAN>The method allowed the researchers to identify forms of organic carbon in the samples.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P>

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While the composition of organic carbon in soils <\/SPAN><\/B>from North America, Panama, Brazil, Kenya or New Zealand proved remarkably similar within each sample, the researchers found that within spaces separated by mere micrometers, soils from any of these locations showed striking variation in their compositions. For example, the compounds that \u00abhang on the right and left of a clay mineral may be completely different<\/SPAN><\/B>,\u00bb said Lehmann.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

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The researchers were also able to <\/SPAN>identify the origins of some of the nano-sized compounds<\/SPAN><\/B>, determining that some of them, for example, were <\/SPAN>microbe excretions and decomposed leaves<\/SPAN><\/B>. The researchers<\/SPAN> also recognized patterns of where <\/SPAN><\/B>types of compounds are likely to be found at the nanoscale.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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\u00abNow we can start locating certain compounds,\u00bb Lehmann said. \u00ab<\/SPAN>We find black carbon as distinct particles in pores, whereas we find microbial products smeared around surfaces of minerals.<\/SPAN><\/B>\u00ab<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

The method now allows researchers to break soil down, separate compounds, conduct experiments on individual compounds and better understand the interactions<\/SPAN><\/B>, Lehmann said.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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The research was funded by the <\/SPAN>National Science Foundation<\/SPAN>.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

Adapted from materials provided by <\/SPAN><\/EM>Cornell University<\/FONT><\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><\/EM>.<\/SPAN> <\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/EM><\/P>

Nature Geoscience 1, 238 – 242 (2008)<\/SPAN><\/B>
Published online: <\/SPAN>23 March 2008<\/SPAN><\/st1:date> | doi:10.1038\/ngeo155<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

Subject Category: Biogeochemistry <\/FONT><\/A><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

Spatial complexity of soil organic matter forms at nanometre scales<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

Johannes Lehmann1<\/FONT><\/A>, Dawit Solomon1<\/FONT><\/A>, James Kinyangi1<\/FONT><\/A>, Lena Dathe1<\/FONT><\/A>, Sue Wirick2<\/FONT><\/A> & Chris Jacobsen2<\/FONT><\/A><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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Organic matter in soil has been suggested to be composed of a complex mixture of identifiable biopolymers1<\/SPAN><\/A> rather than a chemically complex humic material2<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SUP>. Despite the importance of the spatial arrangement of organic matter forms in soil3<\/SPAN><\/A><\/SUP>, its characterization has been hampered by the lack of a method for analysis at fine scales<\/SPAN><\/B>. X-ray spectromicroscopy has enabled the identification of spatial variability of organic matter forms<\/SPAN><\/B>, but was limited to extracted soil particles4<\/FONT><\/A><\/SUP> and individual micropores within aggregates5, <\/FONT><\/A>6<\/FONT><\/A><\/SUP>. Here, we use synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray spectromicroscopy7<\/FONT><\/A><\/SUP> of thin sections of entire and intact free microaggregates<\/SPAN><\/B>6<\/FONT><\/A><\/SUP> to demonstrate that on spatial scales below 50 nm resolution, highly variable yet identifiable organic matter forms, such as plant or microbial biopolymers, can be found in soils at distinct locations of the mineral assemblage<\/SPAN><\/B>. Organic carbon forms detected at this spatial scale had no similarity to organic carbon forms of total soil<\/SPAN><\/B>. In contrast, we find that organic carbon forms of total soil were remarkably similar between soils from<\/SPAN><\/B> several temperate and tropical forests with very distinct vegetation composition and soil mineralogy. Spatial information on soil organic matter forms at the scale provided here could help to identify processes of organic matter cycling in soil, such as carbon stability or sequestration and responses to a changing climate<\/SPAN><\/B>.<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P>

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Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El 30 de Abril de 2008 la Revista Nature Geoscience public\u00f3 un art\u00edculo en donde se detallan los resultados del an\u00e1lisis de la primera imagen a nivel de nanoescala de un microagregado de un suelo.  Se abre as\u00ed una nueva l\u00ednea de investigaci\u00f3n en edafolog\u00eda que, con toda seguridad, va a proporcionar una nueva perspectiva de su objeto de estudio. Johannes Lehmann de la Universidad de Cornell parece ser uno de los pioneros en la materia. En realidad, no se trata de su primera publicaci\u00f3n sobre el tema, ni mucho menos. Abajo os mostramos un art\u00edculo de la Revista de\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[596,611],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90773"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90773"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134657,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90773\/revisions\/134657"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90773"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90773"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}