{"id":98340,"date":"2008-08-08T08:07:00","date_gmt":"2008-08-08T08:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2008\/08\/08\/98340.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:48:36","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:48:36","slug":"desertificacion-en-africa-y-cambio-climatico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2008\/08\/08\/98340","title":{"rendered":"Desertificaci\u00f3n en \u00c1frica y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">En mi opini\u00f3n, cuando leo noticias o art\u00edculos sobre<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> desertificaci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B>, entiendo que en la mayor parte de los casos se repiten las mismas obviedades desde los m\u00e1s variopintos puntos de vista. Tambi\u00e9n sostengo que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los resultados de los modelos de simulaci\u00f3n de la circulaci\u00f3n general de la atm\u00f3sfera<\/SPAN><\/B> (en sentido amplio) aun distan mucho de predecir con exactitud lo que realmente est\u00e1 ocurriendo en el planeta. Sin embargo hoy, 7 de agosto de 2008, acabo de leer una noticia en <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Terradaily<\/SPAN><\/B> que a\u00fana ambos temas y que me resulta muy interesante.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Como <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el art\u00edculo fue publicado en el PNAS, es de libre acceso en Internet<\/SPAN><\/B>. Basta <A href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2008\/08\/05\/0708196105.full.pdf+html?sid=8397ac30-8ecc-4964-8e78-ca01cbbc252b\"><FONT color=#800080>con pinchar aqu\u00ed y ya lo ten\u00e9is<\/FONT><\/A>. Como ya sab\u00e9is, sostengo que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">gran parte del problema de desertificaci\u00f3n en \u00c1frica procede de la pobreza y de unas fronteras postcoloniales que no corresponden con su realidad cultural y natural<\/SPAN><\/B>. Sin embargo <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">tambi\u00e9n parece l\u00f3gico que un periodo de aridez desencadenara un proceso que<\/SPAN><\/B> a la postre <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ha sido exacerbado por la superpoblaci\u00f3n, pobreza y como corolario, la explotaci\u00f3n de unos recursos naturales sustentados en ecosistemas fr\u00e1giles y perturbados por una anomal\u00eda \u00e1rida<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Pues bien, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el mencionado art\u00edculo <\/SPAN><\/B>parece dar cuenta de ello y <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">nos explica el porqu\u00e9<\/SPAN><\/B>. Ya sab\u00e9is que sobre el tema de la desertificaci\u00f3n hemos escrito varios post que est\u00e1n incluidos en nuestra categor\u00eda: \u201c<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/category\/238.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>suelos de zonas \u00e1ridas, semi\u00e1ridas y desertificaci\u00f3n<\/FONT><\/A>\u201d. El estudio constata que efectivamente <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la disminuci\u00f3n de la precipitaci\u00f3n en el este de \u00e1frica se encuentra condicionada por un cambio clim\u00e1tico<\/SPAN><\/B> (antr\u00f3picamente inducido, seg\u00fan los autores) <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">en el oc\u00e9ano \u00cdndico. Debido a ello, ahora llueve m\u00e1s en esta masa de agua, secuestr\u00e1ndola de la que previamente ca\u00eda en los pa\u00edses ahora afectados por la sequ\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B>. De \u00c1frica, lamentablemente solo podemos decir que: \u201ca perro flaco todo son pulgas\u201d.<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> Veamos el mecanismo, ya que si nos abstraemos de la tragedia que produce resulta ser sumamente interesante<\/SPAN><\/B>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<IMG style=\"WIDTH: 429px; HEIGHT: 317px\" height=372 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/147\/o_Desert%20y%20cam%20clim%C3%A1tico%20NASA%20BUENA.jpg\" width=429><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/NASA_Data_Show_African_Droughts_Linked_To_Warmer_Indian_Ocean_999.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Sea surface temperatures and land vegetation over the <o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/NASA_Data_Show_African_Droughts_Linked_To_Warmer_Indian_Ocean_999.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Indian Ocean are seen below in a visualization created<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/NASA_Data_Show_African_Droughts_Linked_To_Warmer_Indian_Ocean_999.html\"><FONT color=#800080><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>with data from 1994 to 2005 from the Pathfinder satellite<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/NASA_Data_Show_African_Droughts_Linked_To_Warmer_Indian_Ocean_999.html\"><FONT color=#800080><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>dataset. Credit: NASA. Fuente: Terradaily<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><!--more--><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Un calentamiento de la atm\u00f3sfera necesariamente debe generar mayor evaporaci\u00f3n de agua y a la postre tambi\u00e9n mayores precipitaciones. Otra cuesti\u00f3n bien distinta es como se reparten. Ahora bien \u201csi llueve sobre mojado\u201d (es decir sobre el mar) suele ser m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil detectar el problema.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">El comentado aumento de las temperaturas de las aguas superficies del \u00cdndico a generado una anomal\u00eda que se ha traducido en un aumento de las precipitaciones sobre el propio mar, disminuyendo la que precipitaba con anterioridad sobre el continente.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Aproximadamente la lluvia que mojaba esta regi\u00f3n tropical y subtropical parece haber descendido entre un 10 y un 15% cada 25 o veinte a\u00f1os<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Los autores, mediante varios modelos de simulaci\u00f3n parecen haber constatado que<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> el proceso continuar\u00e1 en el futuro<\/SPAN><\/B>. Con independencia de que tambi\u00e9n demostraron <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">las repercusiones sobre la seguridad alimentaria pobreza de la regi\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B>, resulta obvio el problema. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Una menor cantidad de agua en la estaci\u00f3n de lluvias generar\u00e1 una disminuci\u00f3n de las producciones agropecuarias de la regi\u00f3n y como corolario, hombrunas, un aumento de la sobreexplotaci\u00f3n de los recursos y degradaci\u00f3n ambiental (salinizaci\u00f3n, erosi\u00f3n y p\u00e9rdida de cobertura vegetal)<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>De ser as\u00ed, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">el escenario futuro ser\u00e1 mucho dram\u00e1tico todav\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B> (dif\u00edcil de imaginar). Si como dicen los autores, el cambio clim\u00e1tico ha sido antropog\u00e9nicamente inducido, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los pa\u00edses industrializados han sido claramente los responsables de tal tragedia<\/SPAN><\/B>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">No se trata pues de ser generoso, sino justo<\/SPAN><\/B>, ya que aunque el desencadenamiento de tal mecanismo no fue voluntario, somos totalmente responsables del hambre que pasan millones de seres humanos como consecuencia de nuestro crecimiento econ\u00f3mico. Esto es lo que denominamos <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">un proceso de retroalimentaci\u00f3n positiva<\/SPAN><\/B>, eso si generado por la necedad y carencia de valores \u00e9ticos de la sociedad actual. Nosotros somos los responsables y debemos ayudar a paliar las consecuencias.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Lo extra\u00f1o del proceso mentado consiste en que se asemeja al efecto de pantalla o sombra que generan las cadenas monta\u00f1osas cuando<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"> forman una barrera natural cerca de un los litorales que impide al aire cargado de humedad lograr cruzarla sin dejar todo el agua que almacenan en la vertiente costera (en forma de lluvias y nieve). Por estas razones muchas zonas continentales son semi\u00e1ridas, \u00e1ridas o des\u00e9rticas de forma natural (<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Andes y Monta\u00f1as Rocosas<\/SPAN><\/B>, por ejemplo, tienen tal efecto sobre las tierras m\u00e1s al oeste de tales fisiograf\u00edas abruptas en algunas partes interiores de los continentes americanos). <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">El mecanismo apuntado en el Oc\u00e9ano \u00cdndico se antoja un efecto de pantalla invisible que acarrea las mismas consecuencias<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.terradaily.com\/reports\/NASA_Data_Show_African_Droughts_Linked_To_Warmer_Indian_Ocean_999.html\"><FONT color=#800080><SPAN lang=ES style=\"mso-ansi-language: ES\">NASA Data Sho<\/SPAN>w African Droughts Linked To Warmer Indian Ocean<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">by Kathryn Hansen; <\/SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" \/><st1:place><st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Huntsville<\/SPAN><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> <\/SPAN><st1:State><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">AL<\/SPAN><\/st1:State><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> (SPX) <\/SPAN><st1:date Year=\"2008\" Day=\"7\" Month=\"8\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Aug 07, 2008<\/SPAN><\/st1:date><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><BR style=\"mso-special-character: line-break\"><BR style=\"mso-special-character: line-break\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">A new study, co-funded by <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">NASA, has identified a link between a warming <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Indian Ocean<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> and less rainfall in eastern and southern <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Africa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Computer models and observations show a decline in rainfall<\/SPAN><\/B>, with implications for the region&#8217;s<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> food security<\/SPAN><\/B>. <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Rainfall in eastern <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Africa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> during the rainy season, which runs from March through May, has declined about 15 percent since the 1980s<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, according to records <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">from ground stations and satellites<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">Statistical analyses show that this decline is due to irregularities in the transport of moisture between the ocean and land, brought about by rising Indian Ocean temperatures<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">, according to research published in <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/SPAN><\/B>. <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">This interdisciplinary study was organized to support U.S. Agency for International Development&#8217;s Famine Early Warning Systems Network. \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">The last 10 to 15 years have seen particularly dangerous declines in rainfall in sensitive ecosystems in East Africa, such as Somalia and eastern Ethiopia<\/SPAN><\/B>,\u00bb said Molly Brown of NASA&#8217;s Goddard Space Flight Center, <\/SPAN><st1:place><st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Greenbelt<\/SPAN><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, <\/SPAN><st1:State><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Md.<\/SPAN><\/st1:State><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, a co-author of the study. <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">\u00abWe wanted to know if the trend would continue or if it would start getting wetter.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">To find out, the team analyzed <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">historical seasonal rainfall data over the <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Indian Ocean<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> and the eastern seaboard of <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Africa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> from 1950 to 2005<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">The<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> NASA Global Precipitation Climatology Project&#8217;s<\/SPAN><\/B> rainfall dataset provided a series of data covering both the land and the oceans. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">They found that declines in rainfall in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe were linked to increases in rainfall over the ocean<\/SPAN><\/B>. <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">The team used<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> computer models that describe the<\/SPAN><\/B> atmosphere and historical climate data to identify and validate the source of this link. Lead author <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Chris Funk <\/SPAN><\/B>of the <\/SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceType><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">University<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:PlaceType><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> of <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:PlaceName><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">California<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:PlaceName><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:City><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Santa Barbara<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, and colleagues showed that the movement of moisture onshore was disrupted by increased rainfall over the ocean<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. Funk and colleagues used a computer model from the <\/SPAN><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">National<\/SPAN><\/st1:PlaceName><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> <\/SPAN><st1:PlaceType><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Center<\/SPAN><\/st1:PlaceType><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> for Atmospheric Research to confirm their findings. <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">The combination of evidence from models and historical data strongly suggest that human-caused warming of the Indian Ocean leads to an increase of rainfall over the ocean, which in turn adds energy to the atmosphere<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Models showed that indeed, the added energy could create a weather pattern that reduces the flow of moisture onshore and bring dry air down over the African continent, reducing rainfall.<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> Next, the team investigated <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">whether or not the decline in rainfall over eastern <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Africa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> would continue<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">Under guidance from researchers at USGS, which co-funded the study, the team looked at 11 climate models to simulate rainfall changes in the future. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Ten of the 11 models agreed that though 2050, rainfall over the Indian Ocean would continue to increase<\/SPAN><\/B> &#8212; depriving Africa&#8217;s eastern seaboard of rainfall. <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">\u00abWe can be quite certain that the decline in rainfall has been substantial and will continue to be,\u00bb Funk said. \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">This 15 percent decrease every 20-25 years is likely to continue.\u00bb <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>The trend toward dryer rainy seasons in eastern and southern <\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Africa<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> directly impacts agricultural productivity<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">To evaluate how potential future rainfall scenarios and shifts in agriculture could affect undernourishment, the team came up with a \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">food-balance indicator\u00bb model. The model considers factors such as growing-season rainfall, fertilizer, seed use, crop area and population to estimate the number of undernourished people a region can anticipate<\/SPAN><\/B>. <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Continuing along a \u00abbusiness as usual\u00bb scenario &#8212; with current trends in declining rainfall and agricultural capacity continuing as it is currently to 2030<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, the team found that the <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">number of undernourished people will increase by more than 50 percent in eastern Africa<\/SPAN><\/B>. Still, the food-balance indicator also showed that in the face of <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">a continuation of the current downward trend in rainfall, even modest increases in agricultural capacity could reduce the number of undernourished people by 40 percent<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u00abA strong commitment to agricultural development by both African nations and the international community could lead fairly quickly to a more food-secure <\/SPAN><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Africa<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">,\u00bb Funk said. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En mi opini\u00f3n, cuando leo noticias o art\u00edculos sobre desertificaci\u00f3n, entiendo que en la mayor parte de los casos se repiten las mismas obviedades desde los m\u00e1s variopintos puntos de vista. Tambi\u00e9n sostengo que los resultados de los modelos de simulaci\u00f3n de la circulaci\u00f3n general de la atm\u00f3sfera (en sentido amplio) aun distan mucho de predecir con exactitud lo que realmente est\u00e1 ocurriendo en el planeta. Sin embargo hoy, 7 de agosto de 2008, acabo de leer una noticia en Terradaily que a\u00fana ambos temas y que me resulta muy interesante.&nbsp; Como el art\u00edculo fue publicado en el PNAS, es\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[598,595],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98340"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=98340"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134721,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98340\/revisions\/134721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=98340"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=98340"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=98340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}