{"id":98585,"date":"2008-08-12T11:32:00","date_gmt":"2008-08-12T11:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/\/universo\/archive\/2008\/08\/12\/98585.aspx"},"modified":"2010-01-22T03:48:42","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T02:48:42","slug":"los-mundos-pequenos-y-los-seis-grados-de-separacion-una-conjetura-corroborada-%c2%bfy-la-regla-de-miller","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/2008\/08\/12\/98585","title":{"rendered":"Los Mundos Peque\u00f1os y los Seis Grados de Separaci\u00f3n: Una Conjetura Corroborada \u00bfY la Regla de Miller?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Esta misma semana, cuando me encontraba escribiendo el post: <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/08\/08\/98350.aspx\"><FONT color=#699671>Transmisi\u00f3n de la informaci\u00f3n, Conectividad y Redes Sociales: El N\u00famero M\u00e1gico 6 o \u00bf7?<\/FONT><\/A>, apareci\u00f3 <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">una noticia que corroboraba lo que para muchos era a\u00fan una mera conjetura<\/SPAN><\/B>. Incluso en la nota de prensa espa\u00f1ola, que incluimos m\u00e1s abajo, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">se hablaba de \u201cleyenda urbana\u201d<\/SPAN><\/B>. Sin embargo, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">los rotativos espa\u00f1oles siguen sin enterarse que una conjetura, publicada en una revista de prestigio<\/SPAN><\/B> (hace d\u00e9cadas),<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> y que ha generado numerosas pol\u00e9micas, jam\u00e1s debe etiquetarse como leyenda urbana<\/SPAN><\/B>. Si todav\u00eda no sabemos eso\u2026., es que ignoramos casi todo sobre ciencia. Pero el problema no termina aqu\u00ed. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Resulta que tal cual ha sido reproducida en muchas webs y blogs en espa\u00f1ol, sin mayores comentarios. Supon\u00eda que los blogs acad\u00e9micos o sobre ciencia estaban para comentar las noticias y no para reproducirlas tal cual<\/SPAN><\/B>. Afortunadamente, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">se trata de un tema extensamente tratado en Wikipedia con bastante rigor<\/SPAN><\/B>. Abajo <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">os reproduzco el contenido original publicado en el Washington post y el aparecido en la Agencia efe y El pa\u00eds<\/SPAN><\/B>. Aquellos que sepan suahili, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ver\u00e1n con claridad las notables diferencias entre ambas<\/SPAN><\/B>. Ya hablaremos del tema. Pero a lo que vamos. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<IMG style=\"WIDTH: 424px; HEIGHT: 300px\" height=433 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/189\/o_Seis%20eslabones%201.png\" width=515><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/scitec.nosdom.com\/\"><FONT color=#800080>Seis grados de separaci\u00f3n <o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/scitec.nosdom.com\/\"><FONT color=#800080>Fuente SciTec.es<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><!--more--><P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Seguimos analizando las regularidades detectadas entre las redes complejas de la m\u00e1s variada \u00edndole (sociales, ecol\u00f3gicas, metab\u00f3licas, tecnol\u00f3gicas. etc.)<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">. En los primeros post nos centramos sobre la <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">configuraci\u00f3n estructural<\/SPAN><\/B>, mostrando que todas se ajustan a una determinada <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">topolog\u00eda de grafos<\/SPAN><\/B> denominada de los \u201c<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">mundos peque\u00f1os<\/SPAN><\/B>\u201d (ver post anteriores al final de este). Vimos que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">tales estructuras distaban mucho de ser aleatorias<\/SPAN><\/B>, atesorando unas <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">propiedades muy especiales que la hac\u00edan resistentes frente a las perturbaciones azarosas<\/SPAN><\/B>. En la \u00faltima de estas contribuciones (enlace de la primera l\u00ednea) comenzamos a estudiar <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">sus propiedades para transmitir la informaci\u00f3n<\/SPAN><\/B>. Con tal motivo, apelamos a l<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">a conjetura de los seis grados, publicada por Milgram en los a\u00f1os 60<\/SPAN><\/B> (la cacareada \u201cleyenda urbana\u201d, seg\u00fan la prensa espa\u00f1ola). Pues bien, esta <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ha sido confirmada<\/SPAN><\/B>, para mi sorpresa y satisfacci\u00f3n, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">hace tan solo unos d\u00edas<\/SPAN><\/B>. La susodicha conjetura <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">nos dice que es posible conectar a cualquier par de los individuos del planeta basta con una cadena de transmisi\u00f3n de seis eslabones<\/SPAN><\/B> (ver detalles en las noticias que os reproduzco abajo). <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Los nuevos indagaciones<\/SPAN><\/B> <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">realizadas sobre las redes&nbsp;sociales de Internet nos informan de que tal n\u00famero es cercano a 7<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u00bfQu\u00e9 tipo de conocimiento nos proporciona tal hallazgo?<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<IMG style=\"WIDTH: 419px; HEIGHT: 268px\" height=273 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/189\/o_seis%20eslabones%202.jpg\" width=427><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencebase.com\/science-blog\/six-degees-of-separation.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Seis grados de separaci\u00f3n.<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencebase.com\/science-blog\/six-degees-of-separation.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Fuente: sciencebase<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Science Blog<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Reiteramos que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la particular topolog\u00eda de redes complejas, como lo es Internet o las cadenas tr\u00f3ficas, surgen espont\u00e1neamente por autoorganizaci\u00f3n, no son azarosas y atesoran una resistencia a las perturbaciones que<\/SPAN><\/B> no las poseen las que surgen al azar. Implican un <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">determinado tipo de jerarqu\u00eda<\/SPAN><\/B>, son poco equitativas en lo que a la distribuci\u00f3n de conectividad se refiere (se ajustan a las denominadas<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2006\/05\/14\/22409.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080> curvas de Willis<\/FONT><\/A>), <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">no alcanzan la interconexi\u00f3n total <\/SPAN><\/B>entre los nodos que la conforman (<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">afortunadamente<\/SPAN><\/B>, como ya demostramos), son configuraciones <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">libres de escala<\/SPAN><\/B> (conforme a <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">leyes potenciales, y posiblemente fractales y\/o multifractales), etc<\/SPAN><\/B>. Pues bien, lo que nos vienen a decir ahora es que tambi\u00e9n han demostrado ser <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">sistemas muy eficientes a la hora de trasmitir la informaci\u00f3n, lo m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidamente posible<\/SPAN><\/B>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<IMG style=\"WIDTH: 424px; HEIGHT: 348px\" height=425 src=\"\/blogs\/universo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/42\/files\/189\/o_Seis%20eslabones%203.jpg\" width=449><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/blog.paulwalk.net\/2007\/10\/08\/no-degrees-of-separation\"><FONT color=#800080>Seis grados de separaci\u00f3n.<o:p><\/o:p><\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/blog.paulwalk.net\/2007\/10\/08\/no-degrees-of-separation\"><FONT color=#800080>Fuente: Paul Walk\u2019s Weblog<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Hace ya casi dos a\u00f1os intentamos mostraros como las <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/12\/28\/81441.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>taxonom\u00edas tienden a cumplir la denominada regla de Miller <\/FONT><\/A>(otra conjetura que nuestros informadores la achacar\u00edan de ser otra leyenda urbana, aunque existen otros estudios que la corroboran). De acuerdo a \u00e9sta,<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">las clasificaciones jer\u00e1rquicas no suelen tener m\u00e1s de siete eslabones o niveles anidados debido a <\/SPAN><\/B>que la memoria reciente de los seres humanos dif\u00edcilmente puede retener m\u00e1s bits (en el sentido amplio del vocablo). De hecho, en nuestros cerebros tambi\u00e9n debe fluir la informaci\u00f3n eficientemente, no lo olvidemos. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">La regla de Miller nos hablaba del n\u00famero m\u00e1gico 7\u00b12<\/SPAN><\/B>.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>En otras palabras, no propon\u00eda un n\u00famero concreto, sino un intervalo entre 5 y 9, pero cuya media rondaba el 7. Yo personalmente, en colaboraci\u00f3n con dos edaf\u00f3logos estadounidenses, mostr\u00e9 que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">las taxonom\u00edas biol\u00f3gicas y edafol\u00f3gicas eran conformes a la regla de Miller<\/SPAN><\/B>. M\u00e1s a\u00fan, apelando a estudios realizados en termodin\u00e1mica estad\u00edstica (<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Principio MaxEnt<\/SPAN><\/B>) <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">y an\u00e1lisis (multi)fractales, conjeturamos que se trataba tambi\u00e9n de la manera m\u00e1s eficiente y r\u00e1pida para transmitir y fraccionar la informaci\u00f3n en un constructo taxon\u00f3mico<\/SPAN><\/B>. No hace muchos meses, otro investigador norteamericano demostr\u00f3 que <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">la estructura m\u00e1s eficiente de elaborar los diccionarios se sustentaba en un sistema jer\u00e1rquico <\/SPAN><\/B>subyacente que iba definiendo paso a paso los vocablos partiendo de las palabras \u201cat\u00f3micas\u201d que no era posible reducir (y por tanto formalizar). Tal sistema, aplicado inconscientemente por la mente humana, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/05\/21\/92492.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>resultaba tener siete niveles jer\u00e1rquicos<\/FONT><\/A>. Sobre cada nivel precedente se defin\u00edan otros vocablos m\u00e1s complejos y menos frecuentes. Por tanto, <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/08\/01\/71004.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>los constructos mentales, tambi\u00e9n se someten a las mismas leyes<\/FONT><\/A>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Ahora nos narran que tal n\u00famero m\u00e1gico se aproxima m\u00e1s al optimo para el \u201c<I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">connecting people<\/I>\u201d que el anterior, es decir el seis<\/SPAN><\/B>. No cabe duda de que resulta un hecho sumamente intrigante, por cuanto <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">optimiza tanto la estructura<\/SPAN><\/B> (topolog\u00eda de los grafos que la representan), <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">como la din\u00e1mica<\/SPAN><\/B> (el flujo de informaci\u00f3n). Y todo ello <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">ocurre simplemente porque se trata de sistemas complejos, abiertos a los flujos de energ\u00eda y materia, con independencia de su naturaleza y origen<\/SPAN><\/B>. <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN>Seguiremos hablando de este tema en post sucesivos. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Las redes sociales se est\u00e1n convirtiendo en una important\u00edsima fuente de experimentaci\u00f3n para la ciencia<\/SPAN><\/B>. Tambi\u00e9n deberemos analizar que ocurre con numerosos blogs cient\u00edficos o acad\u00e9micos, que parecen soslayar el esp\u00edritu cr\u00edtico que se les presupon\u00eda. Ayer, tan solo en dos horas, logr\u00e9 bajar del ciberespacio la abundante informaci\u00f3n que os proporciono debajo, incluido <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">uno de los principales trabajos de Milgran<\/SPAN><\/B> (el proponente de \u201cla cadena de siete favores\u201d). Los interesados ya disponen de informaci\u00f3n que tardar\u00e1n horas en leer. Se trata de un tema que tiene mucha m\u00e1s trascendencia de la que a primera vista pudiera parecer.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Conviene recordar que <A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/category\/1278.aspx?Show=All\"><FONT color=#800080>las estructuras jer\u00e1rquicas no dejan de ser una red compleja con<\/FONT><\/A> <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">unas propiedades topol\u00f3gicas aun m\u00e1s concretas, pero que l\u00f3gicamente deben ser conformes con las regularidades de tipo general que atesoran todas las restantes<\/SPAN><\/B>. <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">A modo de curiosidad, o tal vez no, me he percatado que, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">durante d\u00e9cadas, cuando se hablaba de la cadena de seis grados o eslabones, los expertos sol\u00edan abreviar la problem\u00e1tica aludiendo al \u201cmundo peque\u00f1o<\/SPAN><\/B>\u201d (<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">snall world<\/SPAN><\/I><\/B>). Resulta<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> intrigante que las investigaciones sobre la topolog\u00eda de las redes complejas, al llegar a detectar su patr\u00f3n topol\u00f3gico caracter\u00edstico lo denominaran \u201cmundos peque\u00f1os\u201d (<\/SPAN><I style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">small worlds<\/SPAN><\/I><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">)<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u00bfCoincidencia? Debo pensar que no. Lo que ocurre, es que yo tampoco me he le\u00eddo toda la bibliograf\u00eda relacionada con toda esta trama de <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">\u201cLeyendas Urbanas\u201d (jajaja)<\/SPAN><\/B>. Conoc\u00eda los estudios publicados pertinentes a mis indagaciones sobre las estructuras taxon\u00f3micas de los recursos naturales. Todo lo que os estoy narrando ahora lo voy aprendiendo con vistas a explic\u00e1roslo a vosotros. Por ello, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">debo terminar el post dedic\u00e1ndoselo a Xavier \u00c1balo<\/SPAN><\/B>. El sabe la raz\u00f3n.<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>Y ahora la pregunta del Mill\u00f3n: <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center\" align=center><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 ocurre cuando la UE implementa redes de colaboraci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica, que a la postre se autoorganizan e interaccionan por si mismas?; \u00bfComo se autoorganizan<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN>e interaccionan las escuelas invisibles o lobbies de investigadores? Esta vez si hay respuesta y lo demostraremos. Anticipemos que no como esperaban los dirigentes de la UE, que de esto no parecen saber absolutamente nada. Leer todo lo referente a la Ley de San Mateo en los post escritos en nuestra bit\u00e1cora y abajo listados. <SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp; <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><STRONG>Juan Jos\u00e9 Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez <o:p><\/o:p><\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cracked Johnnie'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Continuar\u00e1<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green\">\u2026\u2026<\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cracked Johnnie'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">..<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.elpais.com\/articulo\/internet\/Messenger\/demuestra\/teoria\/grados\/elpeputec\/20080804elpepunet_7\/Tes\"><FONT color=#800080>El Messenger demuestra la teor\u00eda de los seis grados<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">La leyenda urbana dice que todos estamos relacionados con cualquier otra persona del planeta por no m\u00e1s de seis grados de separaci\u00f3n y <\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en\/us\/default.aspx\" target=_blank><FONT color=#699671>Microsoft<\/FONT><\/A><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> acaba de demostrar que es cierto, aunque no son seis grados sino casi siete<\/SPAN>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">FUENTE | <A href=\"http:\/\/www.efe.es\/\" target=_blank><FONT color=#699671>Agencia EFE<\/FONT><\/A> <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">05\/08\/2008<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">Un estudio de Microsoft, recogido este lunes por la prensa de Estados Unidos, corrobora que dos individuos cualesquiera est\u00e1n conectados entre s\u00ed por no m\u00e1s de 6,6 grados de separaci\u00f3n, es decir, que son necesarios siete o menos intermediarios para relacionarlos<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">. Para demostrar que a nadie le separan m\u00e1s de siete pasos de George Clooney o Angelina Jolie, el gigante del software ha utilizado 30.000 millones de conversaciones electr\u00f3nicas de 180 millones de usuarios de su servicio de <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">mensajer\u00eda instant\u00e1nea Messenger<\/SPAN><\/B>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><BR>El estudio, que us\u00f3 datos de 2006, parti\u00f3 de la base que dos personas se conoc\u00edan si hab\u00edan intercambiado al menos un mensaje de texto. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Los investigadores descubrieron que cualquier par de usuarios estaba interconectado por una media de 6,6 eslabones<\/SPAN><\/B>, aunque en algunos casos eran necesarios hasta 29 para relacionar a dos personas. \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Esta es la primera vez que una red social a escala planetaria ha logrado validar la teor\u00eda de los seis grados de separaci\u00f3n\u00bb, se\u00f1alan Eric Horvitz y Jure Leskovec, responsables del estudio<\/SPAN><\/B>, al diario <A href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/\" target=_blank><FONT color=#699671>The Washington Post<\/FONT><\/A>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><BR>Desde la d\u00e9cada de los sesenta, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">diferentes investigadores han indagado en las interconexiones entre los seres humanos, intentando demostrar que<\/SPAN><\/B>, en realidad, la cadena entre un campesino en Camboya y un multimillonario estadounidense, por ejemplo, es m\u00e1s corta de lo que parece. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Curiosamente, casi todos los estudios llegaron a un n\u00famero de interconexiones en torno al seis. Con la llegada del correo electr\u00f3nico y las redes sociales en Internet, la teor\u00eda de los \u00abseis grados de separaci\u00f3n\u00bb gan\u00f3 en popularidad<\/SPAN><\/B>, inspirando la creaci\u00f3n de varios juegos en la Red.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">In <\/SPAN><\/B><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\" \/><st1:City><st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Stanley<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> Milgram\u2019s<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> so-called \u201c<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">small world experiment<\/SPAN><\/B><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">\u201d, he attempted to measure the connectivity of Americans to determine whether there was a separation factor<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">Although he never referred to the \u201c<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\">six degrees of separation<\/SPAN><\/B>\u201d, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Milgram did discover that only a small number of connections is needed to interlink the entire population<\/SPAN><\/B>. It turns out that, as with a network, such as the World Wide Web, there are s<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">everal large hubs, people or portals with a huge number of connection<\/SPAN><\/B>s on which the connectivity of all those billions of websites and people hang.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Veamos el articulo original publicado en el Washigton post, infinitamente mejor que lo que nos narra la prensa espa\u00f1ola<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">, que sigue sin hacer sus deberes (salvo honrosas excepciones) a la hora de comunicar ciencia. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/08\/01\/AR2008080103718_2.html?sub=new\"><FONT color=#800080>Instant-Messagers Really Are About Six Degrees from Kevin Bacon<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Big Microsoft Study Supports Small World Theory; By <A title=\"Send an e-mail to Peter Whoriskey\" href=\"http:\/\/projects.washingtonpost.com\/staff\/email\/peter+whoriskey\/\"><FONT color=#699671>Peter Whoriskey<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Washington<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> Post Staff Writer; <\/SPAN><st1:date Month=\"8\" Day=\"2\" Year=\"2008\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Saturday, August 2, 2008<\/SPAN><\/st1:date><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">; Page A01 <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: fuchsia; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Turns out, it is a small world<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">The \u00absmall world theory,\u00bb embodied in the old saw that there are just \u00absix degrees of separation\u00bb between any two strangers on Earth, has been largely corroborated<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> by a massive study of electronic communication. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">With records of 30 billion electronic conversations among 180 million people from around the world, <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">researchers have concluded that any two people on average are distanced by just 6.6 degrees of separation, meaning that they could be linked by a string of seven or fewer acquaintances<\/SPAN><\/B>. The database covered all of the <A href=\"http:\/\/financial.washingtonpost.com\/custom\/wpost\/html-qcn.asp?dispnav=business&amp;mwpage=qcn&amp;symb=MSFT&amp;nav=el\"><FONT color=#699671>Microsoft<\/FONT><\/A> Messenger instant-messaging network in June 2006, or roughly half the world&#8217;s instant-messaging traffic at that time, researchers said. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">\u00abTo me, it was pretty shocking. What we&#8217;re seeing <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">suggests there may be a social connectivity constant for humanity,\u00bb said Eric Horvitz, a Microsoft researcher who conducted the study<\/SPAN><\/B> with colleague Jure Leskovec. \u00abPeople have had this suspicion that we are really close. But <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">we are showing on a very large scale that this idea goes beyond folklore<\/SPAN><\/B>.\u00bb<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">In recent years, the massive databases<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> yielded by cell phone records <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">have been exploited by researchers to better understand human movements and social networks<\/SPAN><\/B>. Stripped of text messages and personally identifiable information, the records indicate users&#8217; location and patterns of contact.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">The Microsoft research focused on the popular concept that has inspired games such as Six Degrees<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> of Kevin Bacon and a well-known play by John Guare. A \u00abdegree<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> of separation\u00bb is a measure of social distance between people<\/SPAN><\/B>. You are one degree away from everyone you know, two degrees away from everyone they know, and so on.<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green\"> But proof of the theory has been thin.Its origins lie in the work done in the &#8217;60s by <U>Stanley Milgram and Jeffrey Travers<\/U>. In an oft-cited 1969 work, they put the figure at 6.2, though they never referred to it as \u00abdegrees of separation<\/SPAN><\/B>.\u00bb Their finding was based on asking 296 people in <\/SPAN><st1:State><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Nebraska<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:State><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> and <\/SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Boston<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> to send a letter through acquaintances to a <\/SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Boston<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> stockbroker. The subjects were told to send the letter to an acquaintance who could best advance the letter to the target, but most failed: Only 64 of the original 296 letters reached the stockbroker. Of those letter chains that were complete, the average number of degrees of separation was 6.2. The high failure rate, and the possibility that the incomplete chains reflected much more distant relationships, led some to question the results. Also, all of the subjects were in the <\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">United States<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. What would happen if the test was expanded to the planet? <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">The idea was taken up again, this time on a global scale, by <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:place><st1:PlaceName><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Columbia<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:PlaceName><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> <\/SPAN><\/B><st1:PlaceType><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">University<\/SPAN><\/B><\/st1:PlaceType><\/st1:place><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> researchers in a 2003 report of an e-mail experiment<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">. More than 24,163 volunteers agreed to try to send an e-mail through acquaintances to one of 18 target persons in 13 countries. Only 384 of those 24,163 letter chains were completed. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Of those completed chains, the average number of steps was 4, and using statistical techniques, the researchers estimated that the average length in all of the chains was between five and seven steps<\/SPAN><\/B>. Still, it was an estimate. The Microsoft Messenger project, which was presented at a technical conference in <\/SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Beijing<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> in April, went further.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">&nbsp;<\/SPAN><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">\u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">To our knowledge, this is the first time a planetary-scale social network has been available to validate the well-known &#8216;6 degrees of separation&#8217; finding by Travers and Milgram,<\/SPAN><\/B>\u00bb the researchers said. For the purposes of their experiment, two people were considered to be acquaintances if they had sent one another a text message. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">The researchers looked at the minimum chain lengths it would take to connect 180 billion different pairs of users in the database. They found that the average length was 6.6 steps and that 78 percent of the pairs could be connected in seven hops or less<\/SPAN><\/B>. Some pairs, however, were separated by as many as 29 hops. \u00ab<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Via the lens provided on the world by Messenger, we find that there are about &#8216;7 degrees of separation&#8217; among people<\/SPAN><\/B>,\u00bb they wrote. <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Microsoft Messenger use is most intense in<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> <\/SPAN><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">North America<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, <\/SPAN><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Europe<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> and <\/SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Japan<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">, and in the coastal regions of the rest of the world. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">While the study sample is huge, there is little way of knowing whether Microsoft Messenger users are as socially connected as the rest of humanity<\/SPAN><\/B>. Why does it matter that people from around the world are closely tied together? <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">Researchers said that the knowledge might have applications for political organizations, charity efforts, natural disaster relief and missing-person searches<\/SPAN><\/B>. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">\u00abThey could create large meshes of people who could be mobilized with the touch of a return key,\u00bb <\/SPAN><\/B>Horvitz said. <B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\">It also means that, strictly speaking, six degrees of separation might be just a bit off. It&#8217;s closer to seven, at least in their study<\/SPAN><\/B>. \u00abFor a piece of folklore, it wasn&#8217;t bad,\u00bb said Duncan J. Watts, one of the <\/SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\">Columbia<\/SPAN><\/st1:place><\/st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"> researchers, now at Yahoo Research. \u00abIt was off only in its detail.\u00bb <o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Otras Fuentes en Internet<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">Mas informaci\u00f3n sobre este tema seriamente tratada puede encontrarse en<B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"COLOR: #3366ff\"> Wikimedia<\/SPAN><\/B><\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Six_degrees_of_separation\"><SPAN lang=ES style=\"mso-ansi-language: ES\"><FONT color=#800080> pinchando aqu\u00ed<\/FONT><\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.steve-jackson.net\/six_degrees\/index.html\"><FONT color=#800080>Six Degrees Of Separation \u2013 The Report<\/FONT><\/A> (interesante punto de vista y fotos)<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/find\/physics\/1\/au:+Leskovec_J\/0\/1\/0\/all\/0\/1\"><FONT color=#699671>Jure Leskovec<\/FONT><\/A>, <A href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/find\/physics\/1\/au:+Horvitz_E\/0\/1\/0\/all\/0\/1\"><FONT color=#800080>Eric Horvitz<\/FONT><\/A>: <A href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0803.0939v1\"><FONT color=#800080>arXiv:0803.0939v1<\/FONT><\/A> [physics.soc-ph]<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/shemesh.larc.nasa.gov\/Lectures\/OldColloq\/WattsColloquium.pdf\"><FONT color=#800080>Networks, Search, and The Small-World Problem<\/FONT><\/A> (pdf)<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.masternewmedia.org\/news\/2006\/03\/20\/the_power_of_open_participatory.htm\"><FONT color=#800080>The Power Of Open Participatory Media And Why Mass Media Must Be Abandoned<\/FONT><\/A>: <A href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.cornell.edu\/home\/kleinber\/swn.pdf\"><FONT color=#800080>The small world phenomenon<\/FONT><\/A> (pdf)<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Art\u00edculo Seminal de Milgram<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">: <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT\">Milgram, S. (1967). The small-world problem. <\/SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT\">Psychology Today 1<\/SPAN><\/I><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT\">(1), 61\u201367. <\/SPAN><B style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Sin embargo a manudo se cita este otro<\/SPAN><\/B><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"> escrito en colaboraci\u00f3n: <\/SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB\"><A href=\"http:\/\/www.cis.upenn.edu\/~mkearns\/teaching\/NetworkedLife\/travers_milgram.pdf\"><SPAN lang=ES style=\"mso-ansi-language: ES\"><FONT color=#800080>A experimental study of \u201cThe small World problem Tracers y Milgram<\/FONT><\/SPAN><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">\u201d (Sociometry, 1969). Pues bien, os lo pod\u00e9is bajar pinchando en el t\u00edtulo.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><B><SPAN style=\"COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Post Previos Relacionados con el Tema<\/SPAN><\/B><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/03\/26\/87469.aspx\"><FONT color=#699671>Redes y Sistemas Jer\u00e1rquicos: Aspectos Funcionales<\/FONT><\/A> <\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/03\/25\/87333.aspx\"><FONT color=#699671>Concepto de Red y Sistema Jer\u00e1rquico: Aspectos Estructurales<\/FONT><\/A> <\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/07\/27\/97626.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Redes Complejas: Redes Sociales y Redes Ecol\u00f3gicas (Los Mundos Peque\u00f1os)<\/FONT><\/A> <\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/07\/28\/97698.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Conectividad, Redes Sociales y Redes Ecol\u00f3gicas<\/FONT><\/A> <\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/08\/05\/98137.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Especies Clave y Nodos Clave: Redes Ecol\u00f3gicas, Redes Sociales<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/08\/07\/98270.aspx\"><FONT color=#699671>Evoluci\u00f3n de la Biodiversidad a lo largo de la Historia de la Tierra<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Evoluci\u00f3n de las Redes Ecol\u00f3gicas y Cadenas Tr\u00f3ficas desde el C\u00e1mbrico hasta la Actualidad<\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2008\/08\/08\/98350.aspx\"><FONT color=#699671>Transmisi\u00f3n de la informaci\u00f3n, Conectividad y Redes Sociales: El N\u00famero M\u00e1gico 6 o \u00bf7?<\/FONT><\/A><\/SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/archive\/2007\/08\/01\/71004.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>\u00bfEs la Mente Fractal?: Dedicado a Eusebio Sempere<\/FONT><\/A><o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P> <P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'\">Ver tambi\u00e9n post de nuestra categor\u00eda: \u201c<A href=\"http:\/\/weblogs.madrimasd.org\/universo\/category\/1278.aspx\"><FONT color=#800080>Redes Complejas, Sociales y Ecol\u00f3gicas<\/FONT><\/A>\u201d.<o:p><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/P><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Esta misma semana, cuando me encontraba escribiendo el post: Transmisi\u00f3n de la informaci\u00f3n, Conectividad y Redes Sociales: El N\u00famero M\u00e1gico 6 o \u00bf7?, apareci\u00f3 una noticia que corroboraba lo que para muchos era a\u00fan una mera conjetura. Incluso en la nota de prensa espa\u00f1ola, que incluimos m\u00e1s abajo, se hablaba de \u201cleyenda urbana\u201d. Sin embargo, los rotativos espa\u00f1oles siguen sin enterarse que una conjetura, publicada en una revista de prestigio (hace d\u00e9cadas), y que ha generado numerosas pol\u00e9micas, jam\u00e1s debe etiquetarse como leyenda urbana. Si todav\u00eda no sabemos eso\u2026., es que ignoramos casi todo sobre ciencia. Pero el problema no\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[609,586,615,606,616,601],"tags":[],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":4}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98585"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=98585"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98585\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134727,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98585\/revisions\/134727"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=98585"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=98585"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/blogs\/universo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=98585"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}