Una cuestión de niños: ¿por qué Plutón no es un planeta?
«Málaga, 17 de diciembre de 2012:
Queridos científicos:
Somos los niños de cuatro años de la clase de Los Piratas del CEIP Pintor Félix Revello de Toro, de Málaga. En el cole estamos estudiando los planetas y el universo.
Por favor, queremos saber por qué han quitado a Plutón de la lista de los planetas, porque a nosotras nos gustaría que sí fuese un planeta, ya que sabemos que en el espacio hay muchos planetas. Esperando que nos digan algo nos despedimos con 26 besitos».
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Granada, 05 de febrero de 2013
Queridísimos Piratas:
Los planetas y el universo son preciosos, y nos da mucha alegría que los estudiéis.
En realidad Plutón sigue siendo planeta, solo que es un planeta enano. Como sabréis, en el Sistema Solar tenemos el Sol, que es muy grandote y luminoso, y después a Mercurio, muy pequeñito, a Venus, cubierto siempre de nubes, a la Tierra, con sus ríos y elefantes y personas, y a Marte, el planeta rojo. Estos cuatro planetas, aunque muy diferentes unos de otros, son todos rocosos (vamos, que se puede andar sobre ellos).
Más allá de Marte se encuentra el Cinturón de asteroides, formado por un montón de rocas de distintos tamaños que, se cree, son los pedazos de un planeta que nunca llegó a formarse. Y después están los gigantes gigantescos: Júpiter, trescientas y pico veces más grande que la Tierra, Saturno, con sus anillos, Urano, que gira tumbado, y Neptuno, todo azul. Estos cuatro, además de grandísimos, no tienen suelo que pisar: están compuestos de gas (el aire que respiramos también es gas).
Y después venía Plutón, que era muy raro desde el principio porque era muy pequeño y rocoso y no pegaba con los cuatro grandotes. Con los que sí pegaba era con sus compañeros en los confines del Sistema Solar: en la región donde se encuentra Plutón se fueron encontrando más y más mini planetas parecidos a él, aunque más pequeños. Pero un día, después de buscar y buscar, los astrónomos encontraron uno que era más grande que Plutón, y creen que encontrarán más, puede que tan grandes como Marte.
Entonces hubo una discusión: ¿ponemos en la lista de planetas a todos los nuevos (imaginad que os tuvierais que aprender una lista de treinta planetas… qué difícil, ¿no?) o ponemos a Plutón y sus vecinos en una lista nueva?
Aunque a todos nos dio mucha pena porque teníamos cariño a Plutón, los científicos decidieron ponerlo en una lista nueva, la de los planetas enanos, donde también está Ceres, a quien le pasó lo mismo que a Plutón: cuando, hace más de doscientos años, los astrónomos vieron a Ceres con sus telescopios, lo pusieron en la lista de planetas. Pero después fueron encontrando más vecinos de Ceres y se dieron cuenta de que en realidad todos ellos formaban un cinturón (el Cinturón de asteroides del que hemos hablado antes). Y entonces decidieron sacar a Ceres de la lista de planetas y pusieron a todos en la de asteroides, porque si no iba a ser un lío un Sistema Solar con tantos planetas (tiene gracia, pero ahora que existe la lista de planetas enanos han vuelto a cambiar a Ceres de sitio y lo han puesto ahí).
De modo que tenemos la lista de planetas normales, donde están Mercurio, Venus, Tierra, Marte, Júpiter, Saturno, Urano y Neptuno, y la de los planetas enanos, en la que por ahora están Ceres, Plutón, Haumea, Makemake y Eris.
Así que, como decíamos al principio, Plutón sigue siendo planeta… Y que sea enano no es malo, porque hay cosas enanas maravillosas, como los renacuajos y los caramelos.
Veintiséis besitos, uno para cada uno.
Silbia López de Lacalle
Emilio García
UCC del IAA
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