SISTEMA PLANETARIO

Es el conjunto formado por una estrella (o un sistema estelar binario) y todos los planetas y cuerpos menores que orbitan a su alrededor. En nuestro sistema planetario, llamado Sistema Solar, los cuerpos que giran alrededor del Sol son los planetas y sus satélites, los planetas enanos, los asteroides y los cometas y otros cuerpos menores. La mayoría de objetos del Sistema Solar se encuentran contenidos aproximadamente en un plano conocido como plano de la eclíptica. El Sistema Solar se extiende hasta un año-luz de su centro, el Sol. Si bien son miles de millones los cuerpos que componen el Sistema Solar, más del 99% de la masa del mismo está concentrada en el Sol. Los planetas, la mayoría de los satélites y todos los asteroides orbitan alrededor del Sol en la misma dirección siguiendo órbitas elípticas en sentido antihorario si se observa desde encima del polo norte del Sol.
Además de nuestro propio sistema planetario, recientemente se han descubierto más de 400 planetas alrededor de otras estrellas (exoplanetas o planetas extrasolares), gracias a varias técnicas de observación entre las que destacan la espectroscopia de alta resolución y la fotometría (medida de brillos) de alta precisión. Algunos de ellos se encuentran en verdaderos sistemas planetarios, que contienen una estrella central y dos o más planetas. Con anterioridad a la identificación del primer exoplaneta por métodos espectroscópicos en 1995, se habían des- cubierto discos circunestelares alrededor de estrellas, tanto de acreción (restos de la formación de la propia estrella) como aquéllos formados por el material usado para generar los planetas (denominados discos de residuos, o de debris). Lo que es más sorprendente es que incluso se han detectado sistemas planetarios que también incluyen discos circunestelares y que, por tanto, se encontrarían en una etapa evolutiva temprana, en la cual los exoplanetas todavía estarían en proceso de formación o habrían terminado recientemente de formarse.


Glosario: «100 conceptos básicos de Astronomía»

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