Las edades de las estrellas
David ByN
Si estimar la edad de una persona es algo complicado, cuando se trata de una estrella es aún más difícil. El método más sencillo aparece si nuestro objeto pertenece a una asociación estelar, ya que podemos utilizar las propiedades estadísticas de todo el conjunto para conocer su edad. ¿O tal vez no? Veamos el curioso caso de NGC6791. Nuevos datos tomados con el HST revelan que el sistema podría tener hasta tres edades distintas.
A la izquierda, una fotografía tomada desde un telescopio terrestre, que muestra el rico cúmulo estelar de NGC6791. Los dos paneles de la derecha muestran imágenes con alta resolución espacial en donde se muestran las diferentes poblaciones de enanas blancas de la asociación, que al parecer tendrían 4,000 y 6,000 millones de años (aproximadamente la edad del Sol). Imagen en alta resolución.
NGC6791 es un cúmulo estelar o abierto caracterizado por su edad (unas diez veces más viejos que otras asociaciones similares) y por su riqueza (posee un gran número de miembros, aproximadamente unas 10,000). El estudio detallado reciente de datos adquiridos con la cámara de alta resolución ACS, a bordo del telescopio espacial Hubble, ha permitido identificar su población más caliente y fría. Para sorpresa de todos, los autores del estudio han encontrado dos poblaciones de enanas blancas bien diferenciadas, que parecen tener dos edades diferentes (4,000 y 6,000 millones de años). Pero, además, no coinciden con la edad derivada a partir del ajuste de modelos teóricos a la población de estrellas de la Secuencia Principal (que todavía están quemando hidrógeno) y aquéllas que han evolucionado fuera de la Secuencia Principal y (gigantes y subgigantes) y que están quemando otros elementos químicos más pesado (helio, carbono, etc). Este último método es más usual y permite establecer que la asociación tiene unos 8,000 millones de años.
Una herramienta esencial en astronomía: un diagrama color-magnitud (similar a los diagramas de Hertzsprung-Russell). En este caso correspondería a un cúmulo viejo, como es el caso de NGC6791. Las enanas blancas se localizan en una parte muy característica (calientes y débiles), lo que se puede utilizar para estimar su edad. Imagen en alta resolución.
¿Cómo es posible que las enanas blancas, que ya han agotado todas sus fuentes energéticas basadas en la fusión nuclear tengan una edad más joven que la población de estrellas menos evolucionadas de la asociación?
En realidad, es posible reconciliar las edades de los dos grupos de enanas blancas ya que las más jóvenes serían, en realidad, sistemas binarios. Aún así, todas parecen un 25% más jóvenes que las estrellas que están realizando reacciones nucleares, y este hecho sigue siendo un enigma que desafía nuestra comprensión. Obviamente, nuestro conocimiento de la evolución de estos fascinantes objetos, que representan la muerte de la gran parte de las estrellas, sigo siendo muy deficiente.
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