Que es un brote epidémico.

Como, a veces, empezamos la casa por el tejado, hemos contado el estudio de un brote epidémico sin haber explicado antes que es un brote.

De sabios es rectificar y en este post intentaremos dejar claro que es lo que entendemos por Brote epidémico.

En general, cuando hablamos de brotes nos estamos refiriendo a enfermedades infecciosas.

 

Definición de brote epidémico:

 

1.-  La aparición de dos o más casos de la misma enfermedad asociados en tiempo, lugar y persona.

2.- El incremento significativo de casos en relación a los valores habitualmente observados.

3.-  La agregación de casos de una enfermedad en un territorio y en un tiempo comprendido entre el mínimo y el máximo período de incubación o de latencia puede ser considerado, también, indicativo de brote.

4.- La aparición de una enfermedad, problema o riesgo para la salud en una zona hasta entonces libre de ella.

5.- La presencia de cualquier proceso relevante de intoxicación aguda colectiva, imputable a causa accidental, manipulación o consumo.

6.- La aparición de cualquier incidencia de tipo catastrófico que afecte, o pueda afectar, a la salud de la Comunidad.

 

No puedo resistirme a poner la definición de mi querido Diccionario de Epidemiología Last. Brote, sinónimo de epidemia, a veces constituye un término preferible al de  epidemia para evitar el sensacionalismo que puede asociarse al uso de esta última palabra. Alternativamente, epidemia localizada, epidemia localizada, no generalizada.

Epidemia, del griego epi encima y demos pueblo. Aparición en una comunidad o región de casos de una enfermedad, conducta específica u otros hechos, en relación con la salud, claramente excesivos con respecto a lo que cabe esperar en condiciones normales. La comunidad o región y el periodo en que se presentan los casos se hallan netamente definidos.

También un único caso de una determinada enfermedad que por su trascendencia la sola aparición de un caso ha de ser tratada y considerada como un brote, como reseñamos en otro post

Seguiremos profundizando en este tema más adelante.

 

Consuelo Ibáñez Martí, médico salubrista de la Comunidad de Madrid

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