Eres la música que escuchas
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Listen to the music, por Doobie Brothers
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJqk2yWUGTM[/youtube]
La música es parte de nuestra existencia, quizás no haya otro arte que inunde nuestra vida cotidiana como lo hace la música. Pero, ¿cómo la música influencia nuestro cerebro? Sabemos que libera dopamina de la misma manera que lo hacen las drogas o el deporte, y que activa muchas áreas del cerebro de manera simultánea: los sonidos llegan al oído, van a la corteza auditiva primaria y a redes que almacenan una base de datos de los sonidos que se han escuchado previamente.
Muchos experimentos sociales han demostrado a lo largo de décadas que la combinación de ciertas notas musicales resulta mucho más agradable a nuestro sentido auditivo que otras. Hasta el momento, se creía que esta respuesta generalizada podría deberse a cierta estructura cerebral que favoreciera la percepción de tales agrupaciones musicales como las más “agradables”. Sin embargo, se ha probado que no existe una estructura privilegiada en el cerebro que distinga el carácter agradable o desagradable de la música, sino que nuestra percepción está mediatizada culturalmente.
Las hipótesis científicas siempre apostaron por ciertas formaciones neuronales que respondieran favorablemente a agrupaciones como “quintas” (denominada así porque una de las notas es cinco veces más alta que otras). Las diferentes civilaciones, incluso desde los griegos, siempre eligieron las quintas y los sonidos consonantes en que la proporción entre las frecuencias de las notas fuera un número natural. En el caso de quintas, la razón es 3:2, y se denomina la quinta justa.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHix3LczeHs[/youtube]
Intervalo de quinta justa
Se creía que las combinaciones disonates no eran bien recibidas por el cerebro. Sin embargo, se cree que la preferencia por ciertas agrupaciones tonales reside en la música occidental más popular y de moda. El experimento es difícil de llevar a cabo, pues son pocas las personas que no estén familiarizadas con canciones actuales con coros consonantes, los supuestamente aceptados como “aguantables” y que nuestro cerebro prefiere.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMjlZ-0Qm2Q[/youtube]
Video del MIT sobre el estudio de Godoy y McDermott
Para evitar la predilección por los coros consonantes, probablemente aprehendidos de nuestra cultura musical moderna, el profesor Ricardo Godoy, de la universidad de Brandeis en Boston, y Josh Mc Dermott, del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, han llevado a cabo una serie de experimentos con habitantes de un pueblo boliviano y otras sociedades de la Amazonia entre 2011 y 2015, exponiéndolos a una serie de sonidos que han de ordenar de más a menos desagradables para su gusto auditivo. Los resultados han sido sorprendentes: entre aproximadamente 12.000 individuos desconocedores de la música en boga, las composiciones consonantes o disonantes han resultado igualmente apaciguadoras y aceptadas. Por lo tanto, la hipótesis de la preferencia por ciertas agrupaciones consonantes no se puede sostener, tal y como exponen en un artículo conjunto en Nature.
También cabe preguntarnos que si dado que no existe una “formación neuronal privilegiada” para disfrutar de una u otra música, si pudieran existir patrones o formaciones cerebrales privilegiadas para el desarrollo de facultades lógico-matemáticas. Los resultados resultaron opuestos a los que se obtuvieron para el gusto musical. Estudios de la universidad de Standford apuntan a la existencia de cerebros estructurados con cierta disposición para el cultivo de las matemáticas.
El experimento se realizó en niños entre seis años y una edad adolescente, sometidos a resonancia magnética cerebral, estructural y funcional. Después se les realizaron test de coeficiente intelectual.Las predicciones fueron muy acertadas. Aquellos que presentaron la estructura cerebral “matemáticamente privilegiada” demostraron ser grandes estudiantes de matemáticas y obtuvieron mejores resultados en tests de inteligencia.
Los científicos que llevaron a cabo este proyecto quedaron muy sorprendidos por la extensión de la conexión entre las dos regiones cerebrales que revelaban el futuro desarrollo del niño como un posible matemático. Cuanto más volumen y conectividad, mayor era previsión de desarrollo de actividades lógicas. Por ejemplo, la conexión entre la corteza occipital ventro-temporal (que encarga de la percepción visual de los objetos), el surco intra-parietal (que compara y diferencia números lógicamente) y la corteza prefrontal, ofrece grandes predicciones en el desarrollo inteligente y adulto del individuo.
Por lo tanto, si un niño no presenta una estructura cerebral privilegiada, no es una noticia tan descorazonadora para los padres. El resultado de este estudio es que se puede ayudar al niño a desarrollar sus capacidades lógicas, haciendo hincapié en las habilidades menos desarrolladas en su estructura cerebral congénita.
Una de las tareas más importantes ahora es el conocimiento de cómo evoluciona la relación entre las partes cerebrales citadas a lo largo del tiempo. Para ello, se necesitan complejos modelos matemáticos, que den cuenta de esta evolución. El cerebro y sus constituyentes han de considerarse como pequeños sistemas dinámicos, con su consecuente evolución e interconexión. Muchos centros de investigación en matemáticas, física y otras discipilinas como la biología, medicina y por supuesto, la neurociencia, se han unido para desarrollar futuros tratamientos en el aprendizaje, además de para prevenir y combatir enfermedades relacionadas con la neurociencia: como son el alzehimer o el autismo.
La matemática aplicada actual dedicada a esta rama está fundamentada en sistemas no lineales entendidos desde el punto de vista numérico y analítico. Además, se utilizan métodos de perturbación que son posteriormente integrados mediante la computación numérica. Estas actividades se están desarrollando en un gran número de universidades, principalmente en los Estados Unidos y centros de investigación británicos.
Por ejemplo, uno de los centros dedicados a la unión de las matemáticas y la neurociencia es el Courant Institute, en pleno corazón de Manhattan. La puesta en marcha de la fundación privada CorBI (Coruña Biomedical Institute Foundation) tiene como uno de sus objetivos fomentar la investigación en estos campos. En los próximos meses se irán dando mas noticias de CorBI y sus actividades.
Estamos convencidos que el reforzamiento del maridaje entre la neurociencia y las matemáticas puede ser una de las grandes novedades de años venideros, con la puesta en marcha de una auténtica investigación multidisciplinar.
____
Manuel de León (CSIC, Fundador del ICMAT, Real Academia de Ciencias, Real Academia Canaria de Ciencias, ICSU) y Cristina Sardón (ICMAT-CSIC).
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