Historias de la IA: Los padrinos
En una entrada anterior, presentábamos a los llamados padres fundadores de la Inteligencia Artificial, pero esta tiene también otros importantes investigadores a los que se les conoce como “los padrinos de la IA”.
Los así apodados padrinos de la IA son Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun y Yoshua Bengio. El apodo es debido a la investigación pionera que desarrollaron en redes neuronales, que han permitido el desarrollo actual de la IA. Vamos a describir brevemente su trabajo que ha dado lugar a esa consideración.
Geoffrey Everest Hinton, nacido en 1947, es un reconocido científico británico. Se le considera de hecho como el padre del machine learning. En 2024 recibió el Premio Nobel de Física junto a John Hopfield. Es destacable su renuncia en Google al considerar los peligros a los que nos está llevando la inteligencia artificial, lo que debería hacernos pensar. Sus aportaciones a la IA son innumerables, destacando por ejemplo el Algoritmo de retropropagación, junto con David Rumelhart y Ronald Williams. Este algoritmo permite aprender a las redes, y es considerado uno de los mayores avances para el entrenamiento de las redes neuronales. Como curiosidad digamos que Hinton es descendiente del lógico George Boole. Entre sus logros, están el Premio Nobel de Física en 2024, y el Premio A. M. Turing en 2018 (compartido precisamente con LeCun y Bengio).
Yann André Le Cun, nacido el 8 de julio de 1960) es un informático franco-estadounidense, actualmente profesor de Informática Jacob T. Schwartz en el Instituto Courant de Ciencias Matemáticas de la Universidad de Nueva York. Ocupó el cargo de científico jefe de IA en Meta Platforms antes de marcharse para trabajar en su propia empresa. Su trabajo se ha centrado en el reconocimiento óptico de caracteres y la visión artificial mediante redes neuronales convolucionales, entre otros muchos logros. Por ejemplo, LeCun fue pionero en la aplicación de la optimización basada en gradientes a arquitecturas neuronales complejas, desarrollando técnicas que hicieron que el entrenamiento de redes convolucionales profundas resultara práctico y eficiente.
Yoshua Bengio, nacido en 1964, es un informático franco-canadiense, doctorado en la Universidad McGill en 1991, trabajó posteriormente en la Universidad de Montreal, donde fundó el Instituto de Montreal para los Algoritmos de Aprendizaje (MILA), y del que fue su director científico hasta 2025. Como en el caso de Hinton, Bengio declaró en una entrevista con la BBC que se sentía «perdido» respecto a la obra de su vida, y manifestó su preocupación por la posibilidad de que «malintencionados» se hicieran con el control de la IA, sobre todo a medida que esta se vuelve más sofisticada y potente. Abogó por una mejor regulación, el registro de productos, la formación en materia de ética y una mayor implicación de los gobiernos en el seguimiento y la auditoría de los productos de IA.
Iremos en nuevas entradas dando a conocer a más investigadores de la IA, pero señalemos que estos tres a los que hoy presentamos han coincidido en otro importante galardón concedido en España; en 2022, recibieron el Premio Princesa de Asturias en la categoría de «Investigación Científica», junto con Demis Hassabis.
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Manuel de León (CSIC, Fundador del ICMAT, Real Academia de Ciencias, Real Academia Canaria de Ciencias, Real Academia Galega de Ciencias, Presidente del ICM2006 Madrid y miembro del Comité Ejecutivo de IMU (2007-2024) y del Comité Ejecutivo del ISC (2014-2018). Web: https://www.manueldeleon.es/
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